---
title: In Japanese popular art, the Tengu are commonly represented either a… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: In Japanese popular art, the Tengu are commonly represented either as winged men with beak-shaped noses, or as birds of prey. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1], with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu\[1\], sentence 3

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Japanese popular art, the Tengu are commonly represented either as winged men with beak-shaped noses, or as birds of prey.

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**What happens:** represent, wing, shape · **To what, where:** Tengu, Japanese popular art

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu\[1\]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:27:3
# text = In Japanese popular art, the Tengu are commonly represented either as winged men with beak-shaped noses, or as birds of prey.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Tengu	Tengu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
9	commonly	commonly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	represented	represent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	either	either	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc:preconj	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	winged	wing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	beak	beak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	noses	nose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	as	as	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **represent** | present · passive |  | the Tengu |  | Japanese popular art |  | as winged men with shaped noses; birds of prey *conj*; commonly *property* | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Theme as man=Attribute |
| 2 | **wing** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | beak *compound* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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