---
title: There are different kinds of Tengu; but all are supposed to be mount… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: There are different kinds of Tengu; but all are supposed to be mountain-haunting spirits, capable of assuming many forms, and occasionally appearing as crows, vultures, or eagles. Who acts: different kinds. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1], with its dependency 
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu\[1\], sentence 4

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There are different kinds of Tengu; but all are supposed to be mountain-haunting spirits, capable of assuming many forms, and occasionally appearing as crows, vultures, or eagles.

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**Who acts:** different kinds · **What happens:** be, suppose, assume, appear · **To what, where:** all, haunting spirits, many forms

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu\[1\]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (different kinds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:27:4
# text = There are different kinds of Tengu; but all are supposed to be mountain-haunting spirits, capable of assuming many forms, and occasionally appearing as crows, vultures, or eagles.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Tengu	Tengu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	supposed	suppose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	cop	_	_
14	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	haunting	haunting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	capable	capable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
20	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
21	assuming	assume	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	advcl	_	_
22	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	occasionally	occasionally	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	appearing	appear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	conj	_	_
28	as	as	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	crows	crow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
31	vultures	vulture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	eagles	eagle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | different kinds of Tengu |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **suppose** | present · passive |  | all |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute |
| 3 | **is a** | to-infinitive |  | haunting spirits |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **assume** | gerund |  | many forms |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Theme |
| 5 | **appear** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | as crows and vultures or eagles; occasionally *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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