---
title: For years thereafter he lived alone in a hut among the mountains; st… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: For years thereafter he lived alone in a hut among the mountains; studying without a fire in winter, and without a fan in summer; writing his thoughts upon the wall of his room—for lack of paper;—and using only a tile for his pillow. Who acts: Shōko. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hear
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 1, sentence 101

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For years thereafter he lived alone in a hut among the mountains; studying without a fire in winter, and without a fan in summer; writing his thoughts upon the wall of his room—for lack of paper;—and using only a tile for his pillow.

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**Who acts:** Shōko · **What happens:** live, study, write, use, think, lack · **To what, where:** hut, thoughts, tile, paper

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shōko), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:3:103
# text = For years thereafter he lived alone in a hut among the mountains; studying without a fire in winter, and without a fan in summer; writing his thoughts upon the wall of his room—for lack of paper;—and using only a tile for his pillow.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
3	thereafter	thereafter	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hut	hut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	among	among	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
14	studying	study	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
15	without	without	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	without	without	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	fan	fan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
28	writing	write	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
29	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	thoughts	thought	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
31	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	for	for	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	45	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
45	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
46	only	only	ADV	RB	_	48	advmod	_	_
47	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	48	det	_	_
48	tile	tile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obj	_	_
49	for	for	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	51	nmod:poss	_	_
51	pillow	pillow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Shōko |  |  | a hut | year | among the mountains; without a fan in summer; alone, thereafter *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in hut=Location |
| 2 | **study** | gerund | Shōko *not said here* |  |  |  | winter | without a fire | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **write** | gerund | Shōko *not said here* | Shōko's thoughts |  |  |  | upon the wall of Shōko's room; for lack of paper | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent thought=Result for lack=Beneficiary |
| 4 | **use** | gerund | Shōko *not said here* | a tile |  |  |  | for Shōko's pillow | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent tile=Theme for pillow=Eventuality |
| 5 | **think** |  | Shōko |  |  |  |  |  | nom thought «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |
| 6 | **lack** |  |  | paper |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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