---
title: Then suddenly he perceived, upon the freshly exposed clay of the bro… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Then suddenly he perceived, upon the freshly exposed clay of the broken tile, some Chinese characters—between the upper and lower surfaces. Who acts: Shōko. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 1, sentence 106

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Then suddenly he perceived, upon the freshly exposed clay of the broken tile, some Chinese characters—between the upper and lower surfaces.

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**Who acts:** Shōko · **What happens:** perceive, expose, break · **To what, where:** exposed clay

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shōko), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:3:108
# text = Then suddenly he perceived, upon the freshly exposed clay of the broken tile, some Chinese characters—between the upper and lower surfaces.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	freshly	freshly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	exposed	expose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	tile	tile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
17	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	characters	character	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	between	between	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	25	amod	_	_
25	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perceive** | past | Shōko | the exposed clay of the broken tile and some Chinese characters |  |  | then | suddenly *property* | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer clay=Stimulus |
| 2 | **expose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | freshly *property* | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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