---
title: He had learned, as a student of the old Chinese philosophy, to belie… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: He had learned, as a student of the old Chinese philosophy, to believe in divination long before he thought of practising it. Who acts: burning. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 1, sentence 76

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He had learned, as a student of the old Chinese philosophy, to believe in divination long before he thought of practising it.

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**Who acts:** burning · **What happens:** learn, believe, think, practise · **To what, where:** divination

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (burning), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:3:78
# text = He had learned, as a student of the old Chinese philosophy, to believe in divination long before he thought of practising it.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	student	student	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	philosophy	philosophy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	divination	divination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
18	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	17	advmod	_	_
19	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
22	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
23	practising	practise	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	advcl	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past · perfect | burning |  |  |  |  | as a student of the old Chinese philosophy | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **believe** | to-infinitive | burning *not said here* |  |  | divination |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **think** *speech: other* | past | burning |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **practise** | gerund | burning *not said here* | Divination |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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