---
title: During his youth he had been in the service of a wealthy daimyō, but… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: During his youth he had been in the service of a wealthy daimyō, but subsequently, like thousands of other samurai, found himself reduced to desperate straits by the social and political changes of Meiji. Who acts: burning, Meiji. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense 
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/77/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [In Ghostly Japan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/) / [Names of Incense Used., part 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/) / 77

# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 1, sentence 77

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During his youth he had been in the service of a wealthy daimyō, but subsequently, like thousands of other samurai, found himself reduced to desperate straits by the social and political changes of Meiji.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** burning, Meiji · **What happens:** be, find, reduce, change · **To what, where:** service, burning

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (burning, Meiji), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:3:79
# text = During his youth he had been in the service of a wealthy daimyō, but subsequently, like thousands of other samurai, found himself reduced to desperate straits by the social and political changes of Meiji.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	cop	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	wealthy	wealthy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	daimyō	daimyō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
16	subsequently	subsequently	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	samurai	samurai	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
24	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
25	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	24	obj	_	_
26	reduced	reduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	xcomp	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	desperate	desperate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	straits	strait	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
30	by	by	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
32	social	social	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	political	political	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	conj	_	_
35	changes	change	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	Meiji	Meiji	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past · perfect | burning |  |  | the service | during burning's youth | of a wealthy daimyō | tree rules |
| 2 | **find** | past |  | burning |  |  |  | like thousands of other samurai; subsequently *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent himself=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 3 | **reduce** | participle | burning *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to desperate straits *result*; by the social changes of Meiji | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2 «NP V NP.patient PP.extent PP.initial\_state PP.result»: agent=Causer to strait=Result by change=Extent |
| 4 | **change** |  | Meiji |  |  |  |  |  | nom change «event intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 76](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/76/)
- next →: [sentence 78](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/78/)
- ↑ back to [Names of Incense Used., part 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/3/)