---
title: My friend says that he has seen two Chinese versions,—one in the _Ho… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: My friend says that he has seen two Chinese versions,—one in the _Hongyō-kyō_ (?), the other in the _Zōichi-agon-kyō_ (Ekôttarâgamas). Who acts: friend. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 2, sentence 120

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My friend says that he has seen two Chinese versions,—one in the \_Hongyō-kyō\_ (?), the other in the \_Zōichi-agon-kyō\_ (Ekôttarâgamas).

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**Who acts:** friend · **What happens:** say, see · **To what, where:** two Chinese versions · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friend), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:4:120
# text = My friend says that he has seen two Chinese versions,—one in the _Hongyō-kyō_ (?), the other in the _Zōichi-agon-kyō_ (Ekôttarâgamas).
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	_
8	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
9	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	versions	version	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	appos	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	_	_	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Hongyō	Hongyō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	kyō	kyō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	13	punct	_	_
21	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
29	_	_	PUNCT	``	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	Zōichi	Zōichi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	agon	agon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	kyō	kyō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	26	punct	_	_
36	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	Ekôttarâgamas	Ekôttarâgamas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | My friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **see** | present · perfect | friend | two Chinese versions |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer version=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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