---
title: Last winter, while crossing a mountain-range, he was overtaken by a… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Last winter, while crossing a mountain-range, he was overtaken by a snowstorm, and lost his way. Who acts: snowstorm. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 2, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 2, sentence 14

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Last winter, while crossing a mountain-range, he was overtaken by a snowstorm, and lost his way.

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**Who acts:** snowstorm · **What happens:** cross, overtake, lose · **To what, where:** mountain range, Last winter, way

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (snowstorm), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:4:14
# text = Last winter, while crossing a mountain-range, he was overtaken by a snowstorm, and lost his way.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	range	range	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	overtaken	overtake	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	snowstorm	snowstorm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | gerund | a snowstorm *not said here* | a mountain range |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent range=Patient |
| 2 | **overtake** | past · passive | a snowstorm | Last winter |  |  |  | acquaintance *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lose** | past | a snowstorm *not said here* | acquaintance's way |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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