---
title: Shinzaburō said to him:—“I have been sick ever since the beginning o… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Shinzaburō said to him:—“I have been sick ever since the beginning of spring;—even now I cannot eat anything…. Who acts: Shinzaburō. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 3, sentence 36

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Shinzaburō said to him:—“I have been sick ever since the beginning of spring;—even now I cannot eat anything….

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**Who acts:** Shinzaburō · **What happens:** say, be, not eat, begin · **To what, where:** man, anything, spring · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shinzaburō), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:5:37
# text = Shinzaburō said to him:—“I have been sick ever since the beginning of spring;—even now I cannot eat anything….
1	Shinzaburō	Shinzaburō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	cop	_	_
11	sick	sick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
12	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	11	advmod	_	_
13	since	since	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	beginning	beginning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	even	even	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	25	advmod	_	_
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
23	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	25	advmod	_	_
25	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
26	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	….	..	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Shinzaburō |  | man |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to he=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present · perfect | Shinzaburō |  |  |  | since the beginning of spring; ever | sick *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **eat** *in a quote* | can | Shinzaburō | anything |  |  | now |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Patient |
| 4 | **begin** *in a quote* |  |  | spring |  |  |  |  | nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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