---
title: Opening the sutra hastily, with trembling hand, he began again to re… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Opening the sutra hastily, with trembling hand, he began again to recite it aloud. Who acts: sweat. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 4, sentence 119

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Opening the sutra hastily, with trembling hand, he began again to recite it aloud.

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**Who acts:** sweat · **What happens:** open, tremble, begin, recite · **To what, where:** sutra, hand

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sweat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:6:120
# text = Opening the sutra hastily, with trembling hand, he began again to recite it aloud.
1	Opening	open	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	sutra	sutra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	hastily	hastily	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
8	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	recite	recite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | gerund | sweat *not said here* | the sutra |  |  |  | hastily *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location sutra=Theme |
| 2 | **tremble** | gerund | sweat *not said here* | hand |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location hand=Theme |
| 3 | **begin** | past | sweat |  |  |  | again |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **recite** | to-infinitive | sweat *not said here* | sutra |  |  |  | aloud *property* | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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