---
title: [9] The forms of speech used by the samurai, and other superior clas… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: [9] The forms of speech used by the samurai, and other superior classes, differed considerably from those of the popular idiom; but these differences could not be effectively rendered into English. Who acts: other superior classes. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 4, sentence 13

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\[9\] The forms of speech used by the samurai, and other superior classes, differed considerably from those of the popular idiom; but these differences could not be effectively rendered into English.

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**Who acts:** other superior classes · **What happens:** use, differ, not render, form · **To what, where:** speech, those, differences, English, 9

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other superior classes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:6:13
# text = [9] The forms of speech used by the samurai, and other superior classes, differed considerably from those of the popular idiom; but these differences could not be effectively rendered into English.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod:unmarked	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	samurai	samurai	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	superior	superior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	classes	class	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
18	differed	differ	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
19	considerably	considerably	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	18	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	idiom	idiom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
27	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
28	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	29	det	_	_
29	differences	difference	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
31	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	34	advmod	_	_
32	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	34	aux:pass	_	_
33	effectively	effectively	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
34	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
35	into	into	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  | speech *not said here* |  |  |  | by the samurai | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **differ** | past | other superior classes | those of the popular idiom |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **render** | could · passive |  | this differences |  | English |  | effectively *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 5 | **form** |  |  | speech |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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