---
title: He observed, with good reason, that it had probably saved his life;… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: He observed, with good reason, that it had probably saved his life; for it had stopped a bullet of which the dent was plainly visible. Who acts: image, war, dent. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 4, sentence 89

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He observed, with good reason, that it had probably saved his life; for it had stopped a bullet of which the dent was plainly visible.

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**Who acts:** image, war, dent · **What happens:** observe, save, stop, be · **To what, where:** war, bullet

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (image, war, dent), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:6:90
# text = He observed, with good reason, that it had probably saved his life; for it had stopped a bullet of which the dent was plainly visible.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	probably	probably	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	saved	save	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
16	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	stopped	stop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	bullet	bullet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	obl	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	dent	dent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
26	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	cop	_	_
27	plainly	plainly	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	visible	visible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | past | image |  |  |  |  | with good reason | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **save** | past · perfect · passive |  | war |  |  |  | image's life *obj*; probably *property* | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary life=Theme |
| 3 | **stop** | past · perfect | war | a bullet |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality bullet=Eventuality |
| 4 | **is** | past | the dent |  |  |  |  | of a bullet; plainly, visible *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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