---
title: The Japanese have, two kinds of ghosts proper in their folk-lore: th… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: The Japanese have, two kinds of ghosts proper in their folk-lore: the spirits of the dead, _shiryō_; and the spirits of the living, _ikiryō_. Who acts: Japanese. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every c
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 4, sentence 91

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The Japanese have, two kinds of ghosts proper in their folk-lore: the spirits of the dead, \_shiryō\_; and the spirits of the living, \_ikiryō\_.

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**Who acts:** Japanese · **What happens:** have · **To what, where:** two kinds, folk lore

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Japanese), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:6:92
# text = The Japanese have, two kinds of ghosts proper in their folk-lore: the spirits of the dead, _shiryō_; and the spirits of the living, _ikiryō_.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	ghosts	ghost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	proper	properly	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
12	folk	folk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	lore	lore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	shiryō	shiryō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	parataxis	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	ikiryō	ikiryō	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Japanese | two kinds of ghosts and the spirits of the dead |  | kinds's folk lore |  | the spirits of the living and ikiryō *parataxis* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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