---
title: “To Western thinking,” I made answer, “Shinzaburō is a despicable cr… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: “To Western thinking,” I made answer, “Shinzaburō is a despicable creature. Who acts: I, Shinzaburō. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 5, sentence 107

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“To Western thinking,” I made answer, “Shinzaburō is a despicable creature.

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**Who acts:** I, Shinzaburō · **What happens:** answer, be · **To what, where:** despicable creature · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, Shinzaburō), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:7:108
# text = “To Western thinking,” I made answer, “Shinzaburō is a despicable creature.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	To	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	thinking	thinking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	made	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	answer	answer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	Shinzaburō	Shinzaburō	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	despicable	despicable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	creature	creature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | may | I |  |  |  |  | to Western thinking | vn subordinate-95.2.1 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to thinking=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | Shinzaburō | a despicable creature |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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