---
title: Recent rains had soaked the black soil,—leaving here and there small… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Recent rains had soaked the black soil,—leaving here and there small pools of slime about which swarms of tiny frogs were hopping. Who acts: swarms. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 5, sentence 121

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Recent rains had soaked the black soil,—leaving here and there small pools of slime about which swarms of tiny frogs were hopping.

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**Who acts:** swarms · **What happens:** soak, leave, hop · **To what, where:** Recent rains, small pools

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (swarms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:7:122
# text = Recent rains had soaked the black soil,—leaving here and there small pools of slime about which swarms of tiny frogs were hopping.
1	Recent	recent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	rains	rain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	soaked	soak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
11	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	conj	_	_
14	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	pools	pool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	slime	slime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	about	about	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	obl	_	_
20	swarms	swarm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	frogs	frog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
24	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	hopping	hop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **soak** | past · perfect · passive |  | Recent rains |  |  |  | the black soil *obj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **leave** | gerund |  | small pools of slime |  | here; there |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pool=Theme |
| 3 | **hop** | past · progressive | swarms of tiny frogs |  |  |  |  | about slime | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme about which=Trajectory |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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