---
title: In a shed just within the gate, we observed a woman cooking; and my… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: In a shed just within the gate, we observed a woman cooking; and my companion presumed to ask her if she knew anything about the tombs described in the Romance of the Peony-Lantern. Who acts: we, companion. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5, with its 
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 5, sentence 123

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In a shed just within the gate, we observed a woman cooking; and my companion presumed to ask her if she knew anything about the tombs described in the Romance of the Peony-Lantern.

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**Who acts:** we, companion · **What happens:** observe, presume, ask, know, describe · **To what, where:** woman cooking, shed, companion, anything, tombs, Romance

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 5. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, companion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:7:124
# text = In a shed just within the gate, we observed a woman cooking; and my companion presumed to ask her if she knew anything about the tombs described in the Romance of the Peony-Lantern.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	shed	shed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
4	just	just	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	cooking	cooking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	companion	companion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	presumed	presume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
21	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	iobj	_	_
22	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
23	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	ccomp	_	_
25	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	24	obj	_	_
26	about	about	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	tombs	tomb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	_
29	described	describe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	28	acl	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	Romance	Romance	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
35	Peony	Peony	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	35	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	Lantern	Lantern	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | past | we | a woman cooking |  | a shed within the gate |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent cooking=Topic |
| 2 | **presume** | participle | my companion |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | to-infinitive | my companion *not said here* |  | companion |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S»: agent=Agent she=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **know** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | companion | anything |  |  |  | about the tombs | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer anything=Stimulus |
| 5 | **describe** | participle |  | the tombs *not said here* |  | the Romance of the Peony Lantern |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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