---
title: And Shaka said: ‘Whosoever beholds the sign upon the sole of my foot… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: And Shaka said: ‘Whosoever beholds the sign upon the sole of my foot shall be purified from all his faults. Who acts: Shaka, Whosoever. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 6, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 6, sentence 42

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And Shaka said: ‘Whosoever beholds the sign upon the sole of my foot shall be purified from all his faults.

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**Who acts:** Shaka, Whosoever · **What happens:** say, behold, purify, fault · **To what, where:** sign · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shaka, Whosoever), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:8:43
# text = And Shaka said: ‘Whosoever beholds the sign upon the sole of my foot shall be purified from all his faults.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Shaka	Shaka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Whosoever	whosoever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	beholds	behold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	sole	sole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	purified	purify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	ccomp	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	22	det:predet	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	faults	fault	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Shaka |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **behold** | present | Whosoever |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **purify** | shall · passive |  | the sign upon the sole of my foot |  |  |  | from Shaka's faults | vn free-10.6.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Source from fault=Theme |
| 4 | **fault** |  | Shaka |  |  |  |  |  | nom fault «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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