---
title: Various other texts of Japanese Buddhism affirm that whoever looks u… — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Various other texts of Japanese Buddhism affirm that whoever looks upon the footprints of the Buddha “shall be freed from the bonds of error, and conducted upon the Way of Enlightenment.” Who acts: Various other texts, whoever. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Use
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 6, sentence 44

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Various other texts of Japanese Buddhism affirm that whoever looks upon the footprints of the Buddha “shall be freed from the bonds of error, and conducted upon the Way of Enlightenment.”

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**Who acts:** Various other texts, whoever · **What happens:** affirm, look, free, conduct, bond · **To what, where:** footprints, bonds, error

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Various other texts, whoever), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:8:45
# text = Various other texts of Japanese Buddhism affirm that whoever looks upon the footprints of the Buddha “shall be freed from the bonds of error, and conducted upon the Way of Enlightenment.”
1	Various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	texts	text	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Japanese	Japanese	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Buddhism	Buddhism	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	affirm	affirm	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	whoever	whoever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Buddha	Buddha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
17	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	freed	free	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	bonds	bond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	error	error	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	conducted	conduct	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
29	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	Way	Way	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	Enlightenment	Enlightenment	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affirm** | present | Various other texts of Japanese Buddhism |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **look** | present | whoever |  |  |  |  | upon the footprints of the Buddha | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent upon footprint=Theme |
| 3 | **free** *in a quote* | shall · passive |  | the footprints of the Buddha *not said here* |  | the bonds of error |  |  | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING» |
| 4 | **conduct** *in a quote* | participle | whoever *not said here* |  |  |  |  | upon the Way of Enlightenment | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon way=Destination |
| 5 | **bond** *in a quote* |  |  | error |  |  |  |  | nom bond «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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