---
title: Only by eating each other do beings exist! — In Ghostly Japan · tree and pragmatics
description: Only by eating each other do beings exist! Who acts: beings. A sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 7, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# In Ghostly Japan, Names of Incense Used., part 7, sentence 46

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Only by eating each other do beings exist!

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**Who acts:** beings · **What happens:** eat, exist · **To what, where:** each

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This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Names of Incense Used., part 7. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (beings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg8128:9:46
# text = Only by eating each other do beings exist!
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
3	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
4	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	3	obj	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	fixed	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	exist	exist	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | gerund |  | each |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent each=Patient |
| 2 | **exist** | present · do-support | beings |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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