---
title: “‘And how have you been all the winter?’ said the Miller. — The Happy Prince, and Other Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: “‘And how have you been all the winter?’ said the Miller. Who acts: ‘, you. A sentence of «The Happy Prince, and Other Tales» by Oscar Wilde, Opening, part 4, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Happy Prince, and Other Tales, Opening, part 4, sentence 73

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“‘And how have you been all the winter?’ said the Miller.

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**Who acts:** ‘, you · **What happens:** have, be, say · **To what, where:** winter · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Happy Prince, and Other Tales» by Oscar Wilde, Opening, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (‘, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg902:4:73
# text = “‘And how have you been all the winter?’ said the Miller.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	‘	‘	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	cop	_	_
8	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	10	det:predet	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
13	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Miller	Miller	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present | ‘ *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | participle | you | all winter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | ‘ |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Happy Prince, and Other Tales» by Oscar Wilde, Project Gutenberg book 902 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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