--- title: Deuteronomy 20:19 — When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, but thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee? Who acts: th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.20.19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Deuteronomy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/20/) / 20:19 # Deuteronomy 20:19 דְּבָרִים **Who acts:** thou, tree · **What happens:** besiege, take, not destroy, wield, eat, not cut down · **To what, where:** city, war, trees, axe, people, tree This is Deuteronomy 20:19 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — thou, tree — and what happens in the verse to city, war, trees, axe, people, tree, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 34 chapters of Deuteronomy on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּֽי־תָצ֣וּר אֶל־עִיר֩ יָמִ֨ים רַבִּ֜ים לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם עָלֶ֣יהָ לְתָפְשָׂ֗הּ לֹֽא־תַשְׁחִ֤ית אֶת־עֵצָהּ֙ לִנְדֹּ֤חַ עָלָיו֙ גַּרְזֶ֔ן כִּ֚י מִמֶּ֣נּוּ תֹאכֵ֔ל וְאֹת֖וֹ לֹ֣א תִכְרֹ֑ת כִּ֤י הָֽאָדָם֙ עֵ֣ץ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה לָבֹ֥א מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ [When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, but thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.560/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:DEU:553 # text = כִּֽי־תָצ֣וּר אֶל־עִיר֩ יָמִ֨ים רַבִּ֜ים לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם עָלֶ֣יהָ לְתָפְשָׂ֗הּ לֹֽא־תַשְׁחִ֤ית אֶת־עֵצָהּ֙ לִנְדֹּ֤חַ עָלָיו֙ גַּרְזֶ֔ן כִּ֚י מִמֶּ֣נּוּ תֹאכֵ֔ל וְאֹת֖וֹ לֹ֣א תִכְרֹ֑ת כִּ֤י הָֽאָדָם֙ עֵ֣ץ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה לָבֹ֥א מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ # verse = DEU.20.19 1 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 2 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=DEU_20:19!1|MId=o050200190011|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 2 תָצ֣וּר צוּר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.will.lay.siege|Ref=DEU_20:19!2|MId=o050200190021|Strong=6696|Frame=A0:050200090112;|Type=yiqtol 3 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=DEU_20:19!3|MId=o050200190031|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 4 עִיר֩ עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=a.city|Ref=DEU_20:19!4|MId=o050200190041|Strong=5892 5 יָמִ֨ים יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=days|Ref=DEU_20:19!5|MId=o050200190051|Strong=3117 6 רַבִּ֜ים רַב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 amod _ Gloss=many|Ref=DEU_20:19!6|MId=o050200190061|Strong=7227|Type=adjective 7-8 לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 לְֽ לְ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=DEU_20:19!7|MId=o050200190071|Strong=3807a 8 הִלָּחֵ֧ם לָחַם VERB _ HebBinyan=NIPHAL 2 advcl _ Gloss=fight|Ref=DEU_20:19!7|MId=o050200190072|Strong=3898|Frame=A0:050200090112;|Type=infinitive_construct 9-10 עָלֶ֣יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 עָלֶ֣י עַל ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=DEU_20:19!8|MId=o050200190081|Strong=5921 10 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=DEU_20:19!8|MId=o050200190082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 11-13 לְתָפְשָׂ֗הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=DEU_20:19!9|MId=o050200190091|Strong=3807a 12 תָפְשׂ תָּפַשׂ VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 8 advcl _ Gloss=capture|Ref=DEU_20:19!9|MId=o050200190092|Strong=8610|Frame=A0:050200090112;A1:050200190093;|Type=infinitive_construct 13 ָ֗הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obj _ Gloss=it|Ref=DEU_20:19!9|MId=o050200190093|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 14 לֹֽא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 15 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=DEU_20:19!10|MId=o050200190101|Strong=3808|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 15 תַשְׁחִ֤ית שָׁחַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 parataxis _ Gloss=you.will.destroy|Ref=DEU_20:19!11|MId=o050200190111|Strong=7843|Frame=AA:050200090112;A0:050200190131;|Type=yiqtol 16 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_20:19!12|MId=o050200190121|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 17-18 עֵצָהּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 עֵצ עֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obj _ Gloss=tree[s]|Ref=DEU_20:19!13|MId=o050200190131|Strong=6086 18 ָהּ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=DEU_20:19!13|MId=o050200190132|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 19-20 לִנְדֹּ֤חַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=DEU_20:19!14|MId=o050200190141|Strong=3807a 20 נְדֹּ֤חַ נָדַח VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 15 advcl _ Gloss=wielding|Ref=DEU_20:19!14|MId=o050200190142|Strong=5080a|Frame=A0:050200090112;A1:050200190161;|Type=infinitive_construct 21-22 עָלָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 עָלָי עַל ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=DEU_20:19!15|MId=o050200190151|Strong=5921 22 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=DEU_20:19!15|MId=o050200190152|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 23 גַּרְזֶ֔ן גַּרְזֶן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obj _ Gloss=an.axe|Ref=DEU_20:19!16|MId=o050200190161|Strong=1631 24 כִּ֚י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 27 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=DEU_20:19!17|MId=o050200190171|Strong=3588 25-26 מִמֶּ֣נּוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 מִמּ מִן ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=DEU_20:19!18|MId=o050200190181|Strong=4480 26 ֶ֣נּוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 27 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=DEU_20:19!18|MId=o050200190182|Strong=5105b|Type=pronominal 27 תֹאכֵ֔ל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 advcl _ Gloss=you.will.eat|Ref=DEU_20:19!19|MId=o050200190191|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:050200090112;|Type=yiqtol 28-30 וְאֹת֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_20:19!20|MId=o050200190201|Strong=2050b 29 אֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=|Ref=DEU_20:19!20|MId=o050200190202|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 30 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ Gloss=it|Ref=DEU_20:19!20|MId=o050200190203|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 31 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 32 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=DEU_20:19!21|MId=o050200190211|Strong=3808|Type=negative 32 תִכְרֹ֑ת כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 conj _ Gloss=you.will.cut.down|Ref=DEU_20:19!22|MId=o050200190221|Strong=3772|Frame=A0:050200090112;A1:050200190203;|Type=yiqtol 33 כִּ֤י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 35 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=DEU_20:19!23|MId=o050200190231|Strong=3588 34-35 הָֽאָדָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 הָֽ הֲ PART _ _ 35 advmod _ Gloss=?|Ref=DEU_20:19!24|MId=o050200190241|Strong=1886b|Type=interrogative 35 אָדָם֙ אָדָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 advcl _ Gloss=human|Ref=DEU_20:19!24|MId=o050200190242|Strong=0120 36 עֵ֣ץ עֵץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ Gloss=[is].the.tree|Ref=DEU_20:19!25|MId=o050200190251|Strong=6086 37-38 הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 38 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=DEU_20:19!26|MId=o050200190261|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 38 שָּׂדֶ֔ה שָׂדֶה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 36 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.field|Ref=DEU_20:19!26|MId=o050200190262|Strong=7704 39-40 לָבֹ֥א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 40 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=DEU_20:19!27|MId=o050200190271|Strong=3807a 40 בֹ֥א בּוֹא VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 35 advcl _ Gloss=go|Ref=DEU_20:19!27|MId=o050200190272|Strong=0935|Frame=A0:050200190251;|Type=infinitive_construct 41-43 מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 42 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=DEU_20:19!28|MId=o050200190281|Strong=4480 42 פָּנֶ֖י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 40 obl _ Gloss=before|Ref=DEU_20:19!28|MId=o050200190282|Strong=6440 43 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 42 nmod:poss _ Gloss=you|Ref=DEU_20:19!28|MId=o050200190283|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 44-46 בַּמָּצֽוֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=in.(the)|Ref=DEU_20:19!29|MId=o050200190291|Strong=0871a 45 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 46 det _ Gloss=state|Ref=DEU_20:19!29|MId=o050200190291ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 46 מָּצֽוֹר מָצוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 40 obl _ Gloss=of.siege|Ref=DEU_20:19!29|MId=o050200190292|Strong=4692 47 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 46 punct _ Ref=DEU_20:19!29 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes - indirect: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תָצוּר *you will lay siege* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | הִלָּחֵם *fight* | infinitive construct · niphal | | | | | | תָפְשׂ *capture* | infinitive construct · qal | | ָהּ *it* | | | | **not** תַשְׁחִית *you will destroy* | yiqtol · hiphil | עֵצ *tree\[s\]* | | | | | נְדֹּחַ *wielding* | infinitive construct · qal | | גַּרְזֶן *an axe* | | | | תֹאכֵל *you will eat* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | **not** תִכְרֹת *you will cut down* | yiqtol · qal | | וֹ *it* | | | | בֹא *go* | infinitive construct · qal | עֵץ *\[is\] the tree* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} אֲרֵי תְצוּר לְקַרְתָּא יוֹמִין סַגִיאִין לַאֲגָחָא עֲלַהּ לְמִכְבְּשַׁהּ לָא תְחַבֵּל יָת אִילָנַהּ לַאֲרָמָא עֲלוֹהִי פַּרְזְלָא אֲרֵי מִנֵה תֵּיכוּל וְיָתֵהּ לָא תְקוּץ אֲרֵי לָא כַאֲנָשָׁא אִילַן חַקְלָא לְמֵיעַל מְקָדָמָךְ בִּצְיָרָא The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, but thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.560/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:DEU:553`. - ← previous: [Deuteronomy 20:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.20.18/) - next →: [Deuteronomy 20:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.20.20/) - ↑ back to [Deuteronomy 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/20/)