--- title: Deuteronomy 28:48 — therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send agai… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee. Who acts: thou, LORD. Deuteronomy 28:48 in Hebrew with its dependency tree --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.28.48/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Deuteronomy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/) / [chapter 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/28/) / 28:48 # Deuteronomy 28:48 דְּבָרִים **Who acts:** thou, LORD · **What happens:** serve, send, put, destroy, want · **To what, where:** enemy, hunger, yoke, neck, thee, things This is Deuteronomy 28:48 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — thou, LORD — and what happens in the verse to enemy, hunger, yoke, neck, thee, things, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 34 chapters of Deuteronomy on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְעָבַדְתָּ֣ אֶת־אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּ יְהוָה֙ בָּ֔ךְ בְּרָעָ֧ב וּבְצָמָ֛א וּבְעֵירֹ֖ם וּבְחֹ֣סֶר כֹּ֑ל וְנָתַ֞ן עֹ֤ל בַּרְזֶל֙ עַל־צַוָּארֶ֔ךָ עַ֥ד הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹ אֹתָֽךְ׃ [therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.785/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:DEU:766 # text = וְעָבַדְתָּ֣ אֶת־אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּ יְהוָה֙ בָּ֔ךְ בְּרָעָ֧ב וּבְצָמָ֛א וּבְעֵירֹ֖ם וּבְחֹ֣סֶר כֹּ֑ל וְנָתַ֞ן עֹ֤ל בַּרְזֶל֙ עַל־צַוָּארֶ֔ךָ עַ֥ד הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹ אֹתָֽךְ׃ # verse = DEU.28.48 1-2 וְעָבַדְתָּ֣ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_28:48!1|MId=o050280480011|Strong=2050b 2 עָבַדְתָּ֣ עָבַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.will.serve|Ref=DEU_28:48!1|MId=o050280480012|Strong=5647|Frame=A0:050270260132;A1:050280480031;|Type=weqatal 3 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_28:48!2|MId=o050280480021|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 4-5 אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 אֹיְבֶ֗י אָיַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 2 obj _ Gloss=enemies|Ref=DEU_28:48!3|MId=o050280480031|Strong=0341|Type=participle_active 5 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=DEU_28:48!3|MId=o050280480032|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 6 אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 7 mark _ Gloss=whom|Ref=DEU_28:48!4|MId=o050280480041|Strong=0834|Type=relative 7-8 יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 יְשַׁלְּח שָׁלַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he|Ref=DEU_28:48!5|MId=o050280480051|Strong=7971|Frame=A1:050280480052;A0:050280480061;|Type=yiqtol 8 ֶ֤נּוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 obj _ Gloss=will.send.him.forth|Ref=DEU_28:48!5|MId=o050280480052|Strong=5105b|Type=pronominal 9 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 7 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=DEU_28:48!6|MId=o050280480061|Strong=3068 10-11 בָּ֔ךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=DEU_28:48!7|MId=o050280480071|Strong=0871a 11 ָ֔ךְ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=DEU_28:48!7|MId=o050280480072|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 12-13 בְּרָעָ֧ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=DEU_28:48!8|MId=o050280480081|Strong=0871a 13 רָעָ֧ב רָעָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=hunger|Ref=DEU_28:48!8|MId=o050280480082|Strong=7458 14-16 וּבְצָמָ֛א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_28:48!9|MId=o050280480091|Strong=2050b 15 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=DEU_28:48!9|MId=o050280480092|Strong=0871a 16 צָמָ֛א צָמָא NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 conj _ Gloss=thirst|Ref=DEU_28:48!9|MId=o050280480093|Strong=6772 17-19 וּבְעֵירֹ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_28:48!10|MId=o050280480101|Strong=2050b 18 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=DEU_28:48!10|MId=o050280480102|Strong=0871a 19 עֵירֹ֖ם עֵירֹם ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 conj _ Gloss=nakedness|Ref=DEU_28:48!10|MId=o050280480103|Strong=5903|Type=adjective 20-22 וּבְחֹ֣סֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_28:48!11|MId=o050280480111|Strong=2050b 21 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=DEU_28:48!11|MId=o050280480112|Strong=0871a 22 חֹ֣סֶר חֹסֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 13 conj _ Gloss=lack|Ref=DEU_28:48!11|MId=o050280480113|Strong=2640 23 כֹּ֑ל כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.everything|Ref=DEU_28:48!12|MId=o050280480121|Strong=3605 24-25 וְנָתַ֞ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_28:48!13|MId=o050280480131|Strong=2050b 25 נָתַ֞ן נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.will.put|Ref=DEU_28:48!13|MId=o050280480132|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:050280480061;A1:050280480141;|Type=weqatal 26 עֹ֤ל עֹל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obj _ Gloss=a.yoke|Ref=DEU_28:48!14|MId=o050280480141|Strong=5923 27 בַּרְזֶל֙ בַּרְזֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.iron|Ref=DEU_28:48!15|MId=o050280480151|Strong=1270 28 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=DEU_28:48!16|MId=o050280480161|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 29-30 צַוָּארֶ֔ךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 צַוָּאר צַוָּאר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=neck|Ref=DEU_28:48!17|MId=o050280480171|Strong=6677 30 ֶ֔ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=DEU_28:48!17|MId=o050280480172|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 31 עַ֥ד עַד ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=DEU_28:48!18|MId=o050280480181|Strong=5704 32-33 הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הִשְׁמִיד שָׁמַד VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 25 xcomp _ Gloss=he|Ref=DEU_28:48!19|MId=o050280480191|Strong=8045|Frame=AA:050280480192;A0:050280480202;|Type=infinitive_construct 33 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 nsubj _ Gloss=has.destroyed|Ref=DEU_28:48!19|MId=o050280480192|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 34-35 אֹתָֽךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 אֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 35 case _ Gloss=|Ref=DEU_28:48!20|MId=o050280480201|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 35 ָֽךְ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ Gloss=you|Ref=DEU_28:48!20|MId=o050280480202|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=DEU_28:48!20 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no - indirect: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | עָבַדְתָּ *you will serve* | weqatal · qal | | אֹיְבֶי *enemies* | | | | יְשַׁלְּח *he* | yiqtol · piel | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | ֶנּוּ *will send him forth* | | | | נָתַן *he will put* | weqatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | עֹל *a yoke* | | | | הִשְׁמִיד *he* | infinitive construct · hiphil | ָֽךְ *you* | | | וֹ *has destroyed* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וְתִפְלַח יָת בַּעֲלֵי דְבָבָךְ דִי יְגָרִנֵהּ יְיָ בָּךְ בְּכַפְנָא וּבְצַחוּתָא וּבְעַרְטִּלְיָתָא וּבַחֲסִירוּת כֹּלָא וְיִתֵּן נִיר פַּרְזְלָא עַל צַוְארָךְ עַד דִישֵׁיצֵי יָתָךְ The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.785/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:DEU:766`. - ← previous: [Deuteronomy 28:47](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.28.47/) - next →: [Deuteronomy 28:49](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.28.49/) - ↑ back to [Deuteronomy 28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/28/)