--- title: Deuteronomy 31:28 — Assemble unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, t… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Assemble unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to witness against them. Who acts: you, I. Deuteronomy 31:28 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.31.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Deuteronomy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/31/) / 31:28 # Deuteronomy 31:28 דְּבָרִים **Who acts:** you, I · **What happens:** assemble, speak, call, witness · **To what, where:** elders, me, words, ears, heaven · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Deuteronomy 31:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — you, I — and what happens in the verse to elders, me, words, ears, heaven, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 34 chapters of Deuteronomy on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. הַקְהִ֧ילוּ אֵלַ֛י אֶת־כָּל־זִקְנֵ֥י שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖ם וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶ֑ם וַאֲדַבְּרָ֣ה בְאָזְנֵיהֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה וְאָעִ֣ידָה בָּ֔ם אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ [Assemble unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to witness against them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.882/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:DEU:863 # text = הַקְהִ֧ילוּ אֵלַ֛י אֶת־כָּל־זִקְנֵ֥י שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖ם וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶ֑ם וַאֲדַבְּרָ֣ה בְאָזְנֵיהֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה וְאָעִ֣ידָה בָּ֔ם אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ # verse = DEU.31.28 1 הַקְהִ֧ילוּ קָהַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=assemble|Ref=DEU_31:28!1|MId=o050310280011|Strong=6950|Frame=AA:050310250042;050310220101;A0:050310280051;050310280072;|Type=imperative 2-3 אֵלַ֛י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 אֵל אֶל ADP _ _ 3 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=DEU_31:28!2|MId=o050310280021|Strong=0413 3 ַ֛י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 1 obl _ Gloss=me|Ref=DEU_31:28!2|MId=o050310280022|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 4 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_31:28!3|MId=o050310280031|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 5 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=DEU_31:28!4|MId=o050310280041|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 6 זִקְנֵ֥י זָקֵן ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.elders|Ref=DEU_31:28!5|MId=o050310280051|Strong=2205|Type=adjective 7-8 שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 שִׁבְטֵי שֵׁבֶט NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.tribes|Ref=DEU_31:28!6|MId=o050310280061|Strong=7626 8 כֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=DEU_31:28!6|MId=o050310280062|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 9-11 וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_31:28!7|MId=o050310280071|Strong=2050b 10 שֹׁטְרֵי שֹׁטֵר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 6 conj _ Gloss=officials|Ref=DEU_31:28!7|MId=o050310280072|Strong=7860|Type=participle_active 11 כֶ֑ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=DEU_31:28!7|MId=o050310280073|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 12-13 וַאֲדַבְּרָ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=so|Ref=DEU_31:28!8|MId=o050310280081|Strong=2050b 13 אֲדַבְּרָ֣ה דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=1 1 conj _ Gloss=that.I.may.speak|Ref=DEU_31:28!8|MId=o050310280082|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:050310250021;A1:050310280112;|Type=cohortative 14-16 בְאָזְנֵיהֶ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=DEU_31:28!9|MId=o050310280091|Strong=0871a 15 אָזְנֵי אֹזֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Dual 13 obl _ Gloss=ears|Ref=DEU_31:28!9|MId=o050310280092|Strong=0241 16 הֶ֗ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=DEU_31:28!9|MId=o050310280093|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 17 אֵ֚ת אֵת ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_31:28!10|MId=o050310280101|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 18-19 הַדְּבָרִ֣ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=DEU_31:28!11|MId=o050310280111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 דְּבָרִ֣ים דָּבָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 13 obj _ Gloss=words|Ref=DEU_31:28!11|MId=o050310280112|Strong=1697 20-21 הָאֵ֔לֶּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=DEU_31:28!12|MId=o050310280121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 אֵ֔לֶּה אֵלֶּה DET _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 19 det _ Gloss=these|Ref=DEU_31:28!12|MId=o050310280122|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 22-23 וְאָעִ֣ידָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_31:28!13|MId=o050310280131|Strong=2050b 23 אָעִ֣ידָה עוּד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=1 1 conj _ Gloss=so.that.I.may.call.as.witnesses|Ref=DEU_31:28!13|MId=o050310280132|Strong=5749a|Frame=AA:050310250021;A0:050310280162;050310280182;|Type=cohortative 24-25 בָּ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=against|Ref=DEU_31:28!14|MId=o050310280141|Strong=0871a 25 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=DEU_31:28!14|MId=o050310280142|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 26 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_31:28!15|MId=o050310280151|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 27-28 הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 28 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=DEU_31:28!16|MId=o050310280161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 28 שָּׁמַ֖יִם שָׁמַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 23 obj _ Gloss=heavens|Ref=DEU_31:28!16|MId=o050310280162|Strong=8064 29-30 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=DEU_31:28!17|MId=o050310280171|Strong=2050b 30 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=DEU_31:28!17|MId=o050310280172|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 31-32 הָאָֽרֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 32 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=DEU_31:28!18|MId=o050310280181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 32 אָֽרֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 28 conj _ Gloss=earth|Ref=DEU_31:28!18|MId=o050310280182|Strong=0776 33 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=DEU_31:28!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הַקְהִילוּ *assemble* | imperative · hiphil | זִקְנֵי *the elders* + שֹׁטְרֵי *officials* | | | | | אֲדַבְּרָה *that I may speak* | cohortative · piel | | דְּבָרִים *words* | | | | אָעִידָה *so that I may call as witnesses* | cohortative · hiphil | שָּׁמַיִם *heavens* + אָֽרֶץ *earth* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} כְּנִישׁוּ לְוָתִי יָת כָּל סָבֵי שִׁבְטֵיכוֹן וְסָרְכֵיכוֹן וֶאֱמַלֵל קֳדָמֵיהוֹן יָת פִּתְגָמַיָא הָאִלֵין וְאַסְהֵד בְּהוֹן יָת שְׁמַיָא וְיָת אַרְעָא The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Assemble unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to witness against them.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/DEU.882/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:DEU:863`. - ← previous: [Deuteronomy 31:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.31.27/) - next →: [Deuteronomy 31:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.31.29/) - ↑ back to [Deuteronomy 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU/31/)