--- title: Exodus 15:15 — Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, tre… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away. Who acts: mighty men. Exodus 15:15 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.15.15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Exodus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/) / [chapter 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/15/) / 15:15 # Exodus 15:15 שְׁמוֹת **Who acts:** mighty men · **What happens:** affright, tremble, take, melt away · **To what, where:** chiefs, hold, inhabitants This is Exodus 15:15 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — mighty men — and what happens in the verse to chiefs, hold, inhabitants, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 40 chapters of Exodus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אָ֤ז נִבְהֲלוּ֙ אַלּוּפֵ֣י אֱד֔וֹם אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד נָמֹ֕גוּ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֥י כְנָֽעַן׃ [Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.431/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EXO:402 # text = אָ֤ז נִבְהֲלוּ֙ אַלּוּפֵ֣י אֱד֔וֹם אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד נָמֹ֕גוּ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֥י כְנָֽעַן׃ # verse = EXO.15.15 1 אָ֤ז אָז ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=then|Ref=EXO_15:15!1|MId=o020150150011|Strong=0227 2 נִבְהֲלוּ֙ בָּהַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.are.terrified|Ref=EXO_15:15!2|MId=o020150150021|Strong=0926|Frame=A1:020150150031;|Type=qatal 3 אַלּוּפֵ֣י אַלּוּף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=the.chiefs|Ref=EXO_15:15!3|MId=o020150150031|Strong=0441 4 אֱד֔וֹם אֱדוֹם PROPN _ _ 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Edom|Ref=EXO_15:15!4|MId=o020150150041|Strong=0123 5 אֵילֵ֣י אַיִל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 dislocated _ Gloss=the.leaders|Ref=EXO_15:15!5|MId=o020150150051|Strong=0352 6 מוֹאָ֔ב מוֹאָב PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Moab|Ref=EXO_15:15!6|MId=o020150150061|Strong=4124 7-8 יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 יֹֽאחֲז אָחַז VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=it|Ref=EXO_15:15!7|MId=o020150150071|Strong=0270|Frame=A1:020150150072;A0:020150150081;|Type=yiqtol 8 ֵ֖מוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 obj _ Gloss=has.seized.them|Ref=EXO_15:15!7|MId=o020150150072|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 9 רָ֑עַד רַעַד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ Gloss=trembling|Ref=EXO_15:15!8|MId=o020150150081|Strong=7461 10 נָמֹ֕גוּ מוּג VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.have.melted.away|Ref=EXO_15:15!9|MId=o020150150091|Strong=4127|Frame=A0:020150150111;|Type=qatal 11 כֹּ֖ל כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=EXO_15:15!10|MId=o020150150101|Strong=3605 12 יֹשְׁבֵ֥י יָשַׁב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.inhabitants|Ref=EXO_15:15!11|MId=o020150150111|Strong=3427|Type=participle_active 13 כְנָֽעַן כְּנַעַן PROPN _ _ 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Canaan|Ref=EXO_15:15!12|MId=o020150150121|Strong=3667|SpaceAfter=No 14 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 13 punct _ Ref=EXO_15:15!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | נִבְהֲלוּ *they are terrified* | qatal · niphal | | אַלּוּפֵי *the chiefs* | | | | יֹֽאחֲז *it* | yiqtol · qal | רָעַד *trembling* | ֵמוֹ *has seized them* | | | | נָמֹגוּ *they have melted away* | qatal · niphal | יֹשְׁבֵי *the inhabitants* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} בְּכֵן אִתְבְּהִילוּ רַבְרְבֵי אֱדוֹם תַּקִיפֵי מוֹאָב אֲחַדָתְנוּן רְתֵיתָא אִתְבָּרוּ כֹּל דַהֲווֹ יָתְבִין בִּכְנָעַן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.431/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EXO:402`. - ← previous: [Exodus 15:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.15.14/) - next →: [Exodus 15:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.15.16/) - ↑ back to [Exodus 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/15/)