--- title: Exodus 4:31 — And the people believed; and when they heard that the LORD had remem… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the people believed; and when they heard that the LORD had remembered the children of Israel, and that He had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped. Who acts: people, LORD. Exodus 4:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.4.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Exodus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/4/) / 4:31 # Exodus 4:31 שְׁמוֹת **Who acts:** people, LORD · **What happens:** believe, hear, remember, see, bow, worship · **To what, where:** children, affliction, heads · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Exodus 4:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — people, LORD — and what happens in the verse to children, affliction, heads, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 40 chapters of Exodus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַֽיַּאֲמֵ֖ן הָעָ֑ם וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֡וּ כִּֽי־פָקַ֨ד יְהוָ֜ה אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְכִ֤י רָאָה֙ אֶת־עָנְיָ֔ם וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ׃ [And the people believed; and when they heard that the LORD had remembered the children of Israel, and that He had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.113/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EXO:99 # text = וַֽיַּאֲמֵ֖ן הָעָ֑ם וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֡וּ כִּֽי־פָקַ֨ד יְהוָ֜ה אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְכִ֤י רָאָה֙ אֶת־עָנְיָ֔ם וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ׃ # verse = EXO.4.31 1-2 וַֽיַּאֲמֵ֖ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_4:31!1|MId=o020040310011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּאֲמֵ֖ן אָמַן VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.believed|Ref=EXO_4:31!1|MId=o020040310012|Strong=0539|Frame=A0:020040310022;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 הָעָ֑ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EXO_4:31!2|MId=o020040310021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 עָ֑ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=EXO_4:31!2|MId=o020040310022|Strong=5971 5-6 וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֡וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_4:31!3|MId=o020040310031|Strong=2050b 6 יִּשְׁמְע֡וּ שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.heard|Ref=EXO_4:31!3|MId=o020040310032|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:020040310022;A1:020040310051;020040310111;|Type=wayyiqtol 7 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=EXO_4:31!4|MId=o020040310041|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 8 פָקַ֨ד פָּקַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 ccomp _ Gloss=he.had.observed|Ref=EXO_4:31!5|MId=o020040310051|Strong=6485|Frame=A0:020040310061;A1:020040310081;|Type=qatal 9 יְהוָ֜ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 8 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=EXO_4:31!6|MId=o020040310061|Strong=3068 10 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=EXO_4:31!7|MId=o020040310071|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 11 בְּנֵ֣י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 obj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=EXO_4:31!8|MId=o020040310081|Strong=1121 12 יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=EXO_4:31!9|MId=o020040310091|Strong=3478 13-14 וְכִ֤י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and.(dm)|Ref=EXO_4:31!10|MId=o020040310101|Strong=2050b 14 כִ֤י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 15 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=EXO_4:31!10|MId=o020040310102|Strong=3588 15 רָאָה֙ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 conj _ Gloss=he.had.seen|Ref=EXO_4:31!11|MId=o020040310111|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:020040310061;A1:020040310131;|Type=qatal 16 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=EXO_4:31!12|MId=o020040310121|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 17-18 עָנְיָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 עָנְי עֳנִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obj _ Gloss=affliction|Ref=EXO_4:31!13|MId=o020040310131|Strong=6040 18 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=EXO_4:31!13|MId=o020040310132|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 19-20 וַֽיִּקְּד֖וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_4:31!14|MId=o020040310141|Strong=2050b 20 יִּקְּד֖וּ קָדַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.bowed.low|Ref=EXO_4:31!14|MId=o020040310142|Strong=6915|Frame=A0:020040310081;|Type=wayyiqtol 21-22 וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_4:31!15|MId=o020040310151|Strong=2050b 22 יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ חוה VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 20 conj _ Gloss=they.bowed.down|Ref=EXO_4:31!15|MId=o020040310152|Strong=7812a|Frame=A0:020040310081;|Type=wayyiqtol 23 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 22 punct _ Ref=EXO_4:31!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּאֲמֵן *it believed* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | עָם *people* | | | | | יִּשְׁמְעוּ *they heard* | wayyiqtol · qal | עָם *people* | פָקַד *he had observed* + רָאָה *he had seen* | | | | פָקַד *he had observed* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | רָאָה *he had seen* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | עָנְי *affliction* | | | | יִּקְּדוּ *they bowed low* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | | יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ *they bowed down* | wayyiqtol | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וְהֵימִן עַמָא וּשְׁמָעוּ אֲרֵי דְכִיר יְיָ יָת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַאֲרֵי גְלֵי קֳדָמוֹהִי יָת שִׁעְבּוּדְהוֹן וּכְרָעוּ וּסְגִידוּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the people believed; and when they heard that the LORD had remembered the children of Israel, and that He had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.113/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EXO:99`. - ← previous: [Exodus 4:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.4.30/) - next →: [Exodus 5:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.5.1/) - ↑ back to [Exodus 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/4/)