--- title: Exodus 8:13 — (8-13) And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his ro… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: (8-13) And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and there were gnats upon man, and upon beast; all the dust of the earth became gnats throughout all the land of Egypt. Who acts: gnats, Aaron, dust. Exodus 8:13 in Hebrew with its dependency tree --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.8.13/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Exodus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/8/) / 8:13 # Exodus 8:13 שְׁמוֹת **Who acts:** gnats, Aaron, dust · **What happens:** do, stretch out, smote, be, become · **To what, where:** hand, dust, gnats This is Exodus 8:13 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — gnats, Aaron, dust — and what happens in the verse to hand, dust, gnats, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 40 chapters of Exodus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֗ן וַיֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֙הוּ֙ וַיַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ וַתְּהִי֙ הַכִּנָּ֔ם בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָאָ֛רֶץ הָיָ֥ה כִנִּ֖ים בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ [(8-13) And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and there were gnats upon man, and upon beast; all the dust of the earth became gnats throughout all the land of Egypt.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.219/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:EXO:194 # text = וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֗ן וַיֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֙הוּ֙ וַיַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ וַתְּהִי֙ הַכִּנָּ֔ם בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָאָ֛רֶץ הָיָ֥ה כִנִּ֖ים בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ # verse = EXO.8.13 1-2 וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_8:13!1|MId=o020080130011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.did|Ref=EXO_8:13!1|MId=o020080130012|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:020080120041;020080080032;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 כֵ֗ן כֵּן ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=so|Ref=EXO_8:13!2|MId=o020080130021|Strong=3651 4-5 וַיֵּט֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_8:13!3|MId=o020080130031|Strong=2050b 5 יֵּט֩ נָטָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.stretched.out|Ref=EXO_8:13!3|MId=o020080130032|Strong=5186|Frame=A0:020080130041;A1:020080130061;|Type=wayyiqtol 6 אַהֲרֹ֨ן אַהֲרֹן PROPN _ _ 5 nsubj _ Gloss=Aaron|Ref=EXO_8:13!4|MId=o020080130041|Strong=0175 7 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=EXO_8:13!5|MId=o020080130051|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 8-9 יָד֤וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 יָד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 5 obj _ Gloss=hand|Ref=EXO_8:13!6|MId=o020080130061|Strong=3027 9 ֤וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=EXO_8:13!6|MId=o020080130062|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 10-12 בְמַטֵּ֙הוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=EXO_8:13!7|MId=o020080130071|Strong=0871a 11 מַטּ מַטֶּה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 obl _ Gloss=staff|Ref=EXO_8:13!7|MId=o020080130072|Strong=4294 12 ֵ֙הוּ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=EXO_8:13!7|MId=o020080130073|Strong=1930a|Type=pronominal 13-14 וַיַּךְ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_8:13!8|MId=o020080130081|Strong=2050b 14 יַּךְ֙ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 5 conj _ Gloss=he.struck|Ref=EXO_8:13!8|MId=o020080130082|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:020080130041;A0:020080130101;|Type=wayyiqtol 15 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=EXO_8:13!9|MId=o020080130091|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 16 עֲפַ֣ר עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 obj _ Gloss=the.dust|Ref=EXO_8:13!10|MId=o020080130101|Strong=6083 17-18 הָאָ֔רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=EXO_8:13!11|MId=o020080130111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 אָ֔רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.ground|Ref=EXO_8:13!11|MId=o020080130112|Strong=0776 19-20 וַתְּהִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_8:13!12|MId=o020080130121|Strong=2050b 20 תְּהִי֙ הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=EXO_8:13!12|MId=o020080130122|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:020080130132;|Type=wayyiqtol 21-22 הַכִּנָּ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EXO_8:13!13|MId=o020080130131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 כִּנָּ֔ם כִּנָּם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ Gloss=gnat[s]|Ref=EXO_8:13!13|MId=o020080130132|Strong=3654b 23-25 בָּאָדָ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 בָּ בְּ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EXO_8:13!14|MId=o020080130141|Strong=0871a 24 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 25 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=EXO_8:13!14|MId=o020080130141ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 25 אָדָ֖ם אָדָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obl _ Gloss=humankind|Ref=EXO_8:13!14|MId=o020080130142|Strong=0120 26-29 וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=EXO_8:13!15|MId=o020080130151|Strong=2050b 27 בַ בְּ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=EXO_8:13!15|MId=o020080130152|Strong=0871a 28 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 29 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=EXO_8:13!15|MId=o020080130152ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 29 בְּהֵמָ֑ה בְּהֵמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 conj _ Gloss=livestock|Ref=EXO_8:13!15|MId=o020080130153|Strong=0929 30 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ Gloss=all|Ref=EXO_8:13!16|MId=o020080130161|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 31 עֲפַ֥ר עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 30 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.dust|Ref=EXO_8:13!17|MId=o020080130171|Strong=6083 32-33 הָאָ֛רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=EXO_8:13!18|MId=o020080130181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 אָ֛רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.ground|Ref=EXO_8:13!18|MId=o020080130182|Strong=0776 34 הָיָ֥ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 35 cop _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=EXO_8:13!19|MId=o020080130191|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:020080130171;|Type=qatal 35 כִנִּ֖ים כֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 parataxis _ Gloss=gnats|Ref=EXO_8:13!20|MId=o020080130201|Strong=3654 36-37 בְּכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=EXO_8:13!21|MId=o020080130211|Strong=0871a 37 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 35 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=EXO_8:13!21|MId=o020080130212|Strong=3605 38 אֶ֥רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 37 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=EXO_8:13!22|MId=o020080130221|Strong=0776 39 מִצְרָֽיִם מִצְרַיִם PROPN _ _ 38 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Egypt|Ref=EXO_8:13!23|MId=o020080130231|Strong=4714|SpaceAfter=No 40 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 39 punct _ Ref=EXO_8:13!23 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ *they did* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יֵּט *he stretched out* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַהֲרֹן *Aaron* | יָד *hand* | | | | יַּךְ *he struck* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | עֲפַר *the dust* | | | אַהֲרֹן *Aaron* | | תְּהִי *it was* | wayyiqtol · qal | כִּנָּם *gnat\[s\]* | | | | | הָיָה *it was* | qatal · qal | עֲפַר *the dust* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וַעֲבָדוּ כֵן וַאֲרֵים אַהֲרֹן יָת יְדֵהּ בְחֻטְרֵהּ וּמְחָא יָת עַפְרָא דְאַרְעָא וַהֲוַת קַלְמְתָא בַּאֲנָשָׁא וּבִבְעִירָא כָּל עַפְרָא דְאַרְעָא הֲוַת קַלְמְתָא בְּכָל אַרְעָא דְמִצְרָיִם: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [(8-13) And they did so; and Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod, and smote the dust of the earth, and there were gnats upon man, and upon beast; all the dust of the earth became gnats throughout all the land of Egypt.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.219/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:EXO:194`. - ← previous: [Exodus 8:12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.8.12/) - next →: [Exodus 8:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.8.14/) - ↑ back to [Exodus 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/8/)