--- title: Genesis 1:18 — and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good. Who acts: God, light. Genesis 1:18 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/1/) / 1:18 # Genesis 1:18 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** God, light · **What happens:** rule, divide, see, be · **To what, where:** light · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Genesis 1:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — God, light — and what happens in the verse to light, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה וּֽלֲהַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֣ין הַחֹ֑שֶׁךְ וַיַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים כִּי־טֽוֹב׃ [and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.19/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:17 # text = וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה וּֽלֲהַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֣ין הַחֹ֑שֶׁךְ וַיַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים כִּי־טֽוֹב׃ # verse = GEN.1.18 1-3 וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 3 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_1:18!1|MId=o010010180011|Strong=2050b 2 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 3 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_1:18!1|MId=o010010180012|Strong=3807a 3 מְשֹׁל֙ מָשַׁל VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 0 root _ Gloss=rule|Ref=GEN_1:18!1|MId=o010010180013|Strong=4910|Frame=A0:010010170022;|Type=infinitive_construct 4-6 בַּיּ֣וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=GEN_1:18!2|MId=o010010180021|Strong=0871a 5 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_1:18!2|MId=o010010180021ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 יּ֣וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=GEN_1:18!2|MId=o010010180022|Strong=3117 7-10 וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_1:18!3|MId=o010010180031|Strong=2050b 8 בַ בְּ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=GEN_1:18!3|MId=o010010180032|Strong=0871a 9 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_1:18!3|MId=o010010180032ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 לַּ֔יְלָה לַיְלָה NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 conj _ Gloss=night|Ref=GEN_1:18!3|MId=o010010180033|Strong=3915 11-13 וּֽלֲהַבְדִּ֔יל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וּֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_1:18!4|MId=o010010180041|Strong=2050b 12 לֲ לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_1:18!4|MId=o010010180042|Strong=3807a 13 הַבְדִּ֔יל בָּדַל VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 3 conj _ Gloss=separate|Ref=GEN_1:18!4|MId=o010010180043|Strong=0914|Frame=A0:010010170022;|Type=infinitive_construct 14 בֵּ֥ין בֵּין ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=GEN_1:18!5|MId=o010010180051|Strong=0996 15-16 הָא֖וֹר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_1:18!6|MId=o010010180061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 א֖וֹר אוֹר NOUN _ Number=Sing 13 obl _ Gloss=light|Ref=GEN_1:18!6|MId=o010010180062|Strong=0216 17-18 וּבֵ֣ין _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_1:18!7|MId=o010010180071|Strong=2050b 18 בֵ֣ין בֵּין ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=GEN_1:18!7|MId=o010010180072|Strong=0996 19-20 הַחֹ֑שֶׁךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 20 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_1:18!8|MId=o010010180081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 20 חֹ֑שֶׁךְ חֹשֶׁךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 conj _ Gloss=darkness|Ref=GEN_1:18!8|MId=o010010180082|Strong=2822 21-22 וַיַּ֥רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 22 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_1:18!9|MId=o010010180091|Strong=2050b 22 יַּ֥רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=GEN_1:18!9|MId=o010010180092|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:010010180101;A1:010010180121;|Type=wayyiqtol 23 אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ Gloss=God|Ref=GEN_1:18!10|MId=o010010180101|Strong=0430 24 כִּי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 25 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=GEN_1:18!11|MId=o010010180111|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 25 טֽוֹב טוֹב ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 ccomp _ Gloss=[it.was].good|Ref=GEN_1:18!12|MId=o010010180121|Strong=2896|Type=adjective|SpaceAfter=No 26 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 25 punct _ Ref=GEN_1:18!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | מְשֹׁל *rule* | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | הַבְדִּיל *separate* | infinitive construct · hiphil | | | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | אֱלֹהִים *God* | טֽוֹב *\[it was\] good* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וּלְמִשְׁלַט בִּימָמָא וּבְלֵילְיָא וּלְאַפְרָשָׁא בֵּין נְהוֹרָא וּבֵין חֲשׁוֹכָא וַחֲזָא יְיָ אֲרֵי טָב The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.19/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:17`. - ← previous: [Genesis 1:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.17/) - next →: [Genesis 1:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.19/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/1/)