--- title: Genesis 18:2 — and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth, Who acts: LORD, three men. Genesis 18:2 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/18/) / 18:2 # Genesis 18:2 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** LORD, three men · **What happens:** lift up, look, stand over, see, run, meet · **To what, where:** eyes, men, tent door This is Genesis 18:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — LORD, three men — and what happens in the verse to eyes, men, tent door, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָיו֙ וַיַּ֔רְא וְהִנֵּה֙ שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה אֲנָשִׁ֔ים נִצָּבִ֖ים עָלָ֑יו וַיַּ֗רְא וַיָּ֤רָץ לִקְרָאתָם֙ מִפֶּ֣תַח הָאֹ֔הֶל וַיִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָֽרְצָה׃ [and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth,](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.442/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:426 # text = וַיִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָיו֙ וַיַּ֔רְא וְהִנֵּה֙ שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה אֲנָשִׁ֔ים נִצָּבִ֖ים עָלָ֑יו וַיַּ֗רְא וַיָּ֤רָץ לִקְרָאתָם֙ מִפֶּ֣תַח הָאֹ֔הֶל וַיִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָֽרְצָה׃ # verse = GEN.18.2 1-2 וַיִּשָּׂ֤א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!1|MId=o010180020011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּשָּׂ֤א נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.lifted.up|Ref=GEN_18:2!1|MId=o010180020012|Strong=5375|Frame=A0:010170260051;A1:010180020021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 עֵינָיו֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 עֵינָי עַיִן NOUN _ Number=Dual 2 obj _ Gloss=eyes|Ref=GEN_18:2!2|MId=o010180020021|Strong=5869 4 ו֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=GEN_18:2!2|MId=o010180020022|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 5-6 וַיַּ֔רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!3|MId=o010180020031|Strong=2050b 6 יַּ֔רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=GEN_18:2!3|MId=o010180020032|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:010170260051;|Type=wayyiqtol 7-8 וְהִנֵּה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!4|MId=o010180020041|Strong=2050b 8 הִנֵּה֙ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 11 discourse _ Gloss=there!|Ref=GEN_18:2!4|MId=o010180020042|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 9 שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה שָׁלֹשׁ NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nummod _ Gloss=three|Ref=GEN_18:2!5|MId=o010180020051|Strong=7969|Type=cardinal_number 10 אֲנָשִׁ֔ים אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ Gloss=men|Ref=GEN_18:2!6|MId=o010180020061|Strong=0376 11 נִצָּבִ֖ים נָצַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur 2 conj _ Gloss=[were].standing|Ref=GEN_18:2!7|MId=o010180020071|Strong=5324|Frame=A0:010180020061;|Type=participle_active 12-13 עָלָ֑יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 עָלָ֑י עַל ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=GEN_18:2!8|MId=o010180020081|Strong=5921 13 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obl _ Gloss=him|Ref=GEN_18:2!8|MId=o010180020082|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 14-15 וַיַּ֗רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!9|MId=o010180020091|Strong=2050b 15 יַּ֗רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=GEN_18:2!9|MId=o010180020092|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:010170260051;A1:010180020061;|Type=wayyiqtol 16-17 וַיָּ֤רָץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!10|MId=o010180020101|Strong=2050b 17 יָּ֤רָץ רוּץ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 15 conj _ Gloss=he.ran|Ref=GEN_18:2!10|MId=o010180020102|Strong=7323|Frame=A0:010170260051;|Type=wayyiqtol 18-20 לִקְרָאתָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_18:2!11|MId=o010180020111|Strong=3807a 19 קְרָאת קרא VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 17 advcl _ Gloss=meet|Ref=GEN_18:2!11|MId=o010180020112|Strong=7122|Frame=A0:010170260051;A1:010180020113;|Type=infinitive_construct 20 ָם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ Gloss=them|Ref=GEN_18:2!11|MId=o010180020113|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 21-22 מִפֶּ֣תַח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=GEN_18:2!12|MId=o010180020121|Strong=4480 22 פֶּ֣תַח פֶּתַח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 obl _ Gloss=the.opening|Ref=GEN_18:2!12|MId=o010180020122|Strong=6607 23-24 הָאֹ֔הֶל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 24 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=GEN_18:2!13|MId=o010180020131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 24 אֹ֔הֶל אֹהֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.tent|Ref=GEN_18:2!13|MId=o010180020132|Strong=0168 25-26 וַיִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 26 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:2!14|MId=o010180020141|Strong=2050b 26 יִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ חוה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 15 conj _ Gloss=he.bowed.down|Ref=GEN_18:2!14|MId=o010180020142|Strong=7812a|Frame=A0:010170260051;|Type=wayyiqtol 27-28 אָֽרְצָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 אָֽרְצ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 26 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=GEN_18:2!15|MId=o010180020151|Strong=0776 28 ָה ה X _ _ 27 nmod _ Gloss=to.[the]|Ref=GEN_18:2!15|MId=o010180020152|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 29 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=GEN_18:2!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשָּׂא *he lifted up* | wayyiqtol · qal | | עֵינָי *eyes* | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | נִצָּבִים *\[were\] standing* | participle active · niphal | אֲנָשִׁים *men* | | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | | אֲנָשִׁים *men* | | | | יָּרָץ *he ran* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | קְרָאת *meet* | infinitive construct · qal | | ָם *them* | | | | יִּשְׁתַּחוּ *he bowed down* | wayyiqtol · hithpael | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וּזְקַף עֵינוֹהִי וַחֲזָא וְהָא תְּלָתָא גֻּבְרִין (נ''י גַּבְרִין) קָיְמִין עִלָּווֹהִי וַחֲזָא וּרְהַט לְקַדָּמוּתְהוֹן מִתְּרַע מַשְׁכְּנָא וּסְגִיד עַל אַרְעָא The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth,](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.442/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:426`. - ← previous: [Genesis 18:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.1/) - next →: [Genesis 18:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.3/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/18/)