--- title: Genesis 18:31 — And he said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lor… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And he said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord. Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.' And He said: 'I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake.' Who acts: righteous, I, twenty. Genesis 18:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragm --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/18/) / 18:31 # Genesis 18:31 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** righteous, I, twenty · **What happens:** say, take, speak, be, find, not destroy · **To what, where:** thirty · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Genesis 18:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — righteous, I, twenty — and what happens in the verse to thirty, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הִנֵּֽה־נָ֤א הוֹאַ֙לְתִּי֙ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־אֲדֹנָ֔י אוּלַ֛י יִמָּצְא֥וּן שָׁ֖ם עֶשְׂרִ֑ים וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃ [And he said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.474/) [Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.' And He said: 'I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.475/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:455 # text = וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הִנֵּֽה־נָ֤א הוֹאַ֙לְתִּי֙ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־אֲדֹנָ֔י אוּלַ֛י יִמָּצְא֥וּן שָׁ֖ם עֶשְׂרִ֑ים וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃ # verse = GEN.18.31 1-2 וַיֹּ֗אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:31!1|MId=o010180310011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֗אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=GEN_18:31!1|MId=o010180310012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:010180270021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 הִנֵּֽה־ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 5 parataxis _ Gloss=here!|Ref=GEN_18:31!2|MId=o010180310021|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative|SpaceAfter=No 4 נָ֤א נָא INTJ _ _ 3 discourse _ Gloss=please|Ref=GEN_18:31!3|MId=o010180310031|Strong=4994|Type=exhortation 5 הוֹאַ֙לְתִּי֙ יָאַל VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=1 2 ccomp _ Gloss=I.have.undertaken|Ref=GEN_18:31!4|MId=o010180310041|Strong=2974|Frame=A0:010180270021;|Type=qatal 6-7 לְדַבֵּ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_18:31!5|MId=o010180310051|Strong=3807a 7 דַבֵּ֣ר דָבַר VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 5 advcl _ Gloss=speak|Ref=GEN_18:31!5|MId=o010180310052|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:010180270021;|Type=infinitive_construct 8 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_18:31!6|MId=o010180310061|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 9-10 אֲדֹנָ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 אֲדֹנ אֲדֹנָי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 obl _ Gloss=Lord|Ref=GEN_18:31!7|MId=o010180310071|Strong=0136 10 ָ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ Gloss=[the]|Ref=GEN_18:31!7|MId=o010180310072|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 11 אוּלַ֛י אוּלַי ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=perhaps|Ref=GEN_18:31!8|MId=o010180310081|Strong=0194 12-13 יִמָּצְא֥וּן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 יִמָּצְא֥וּ מָצָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 5 parataxis _ Gloss=they|Ref=GEN_18:31!9|MId=o010180310091|Strong=4672|Frame=A1:010180310111;|Type=yiqtol 13 ן נ X _ _ 12 nmod _ Gloss=will.be.found|Ref=GEN_18:31!9|MId=o010180310092|Strong=4993b|Type=paragogic_nun 14 שָׁ֖ם שָׁם ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=GEN_18:31!10|MId=o010180310101|Strong=8033 15 עֶשְׂרִ֑ים עֶשְׂרִים NUM _ Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ Gloss=twenty|Ref=GEN_18:31!11|MId=o010180310111|Strong=6242|Type=cardinal_number 16-17 וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_18:31!12|MId=o010180310121|Strong=2050b 17 יֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=GEN_18:31!12|MId=o010180310122|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:010180260021;|Type=wayyiqtol 18 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 19 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=GEN_18:31!13|MId=o010180310131|Strong=3808|Type=negative 19 אַשְׁחִ֔ית שָׁחַת VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=1 17 ccomp _ Gloss=I.will.destroy.[it]|Ref=GEN_18:31!14|MId=o010180310141|Strong=7843|Frame=AA:010180260021;A0:010180280102;|Type=yiqtol 20-21 בַּעֲב֖וּר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=because|Ref=GEN_18:31!15|MId=o010180310151|Strong=0871a 21 עֲב֖וּר עָבוּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 obl _ Gloss=of|Ref=GEN_18:31!15|MId=o010180310152|Strong=5668 22-23 הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_18:31!16|MId=o010180310161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 עֶשְׂרִֽים עֶשְׂרִים NUM _ Number=Plur 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=twenty|Ref=GEN_18:31!16|MId=o010180310162|Strong=6242|Type=cardinal_number 24 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=GEN_18:31!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | הוֹאַלְתִּי *I have undertaken* | qatal · hiphil | | | | | | דַבֵּר *speak* | infinitive construct · piel | | | | | | יִמָּצְאוּ *they* | yiqtol · niphal | | עֶשְׂרִים *twenty* | | | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | **not** אַשְׁחִית *I will destroy \[it\]* | yiqtol · hiphil | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר הָא כְעַן שָׁרֵיתִי לְמַלָּלָא קֳדָם יְיָ מָאִים יִשְׁתַּכְּחוּן תַּמָּן עֶשְרִין וַאֲמַר לָא אֲחַבֵּל בְּדִיל עֶשְׁרִין The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And he said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.474/) 2. [Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.' And He said: 'I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.475/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:455`. - ← previous: [Genesis 18:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.30/) - next →: [Genesis 18:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.18.32/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/18/)