--- title: Genesis 19:28 — And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the Plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace. Who acts: Abraham, smoke, land, furnace. Genesis 19:28 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of e --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.19.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/19/) / 19:28 # Genesis 19:28 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** Abraham, smoke, land, furnace · **What happens:** look out, behold, go up, smoke This is Genesis 19:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Abraham, smoke, land, furnace — and what happens in the verse, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּשְׁקֵ֗ף עַל־פְּנֵ֤י סְדֹם֙ וַעֲמֹרָ֔ה וְעַֽל־כָּל־פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַכִּכָּ֑ר וַיַּ֗רְא וְהִנֵּ֤ה עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ כְּקִיטֹ֖ר הַכִּבְשָֽׁן׃ [And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the Plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.507/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:485 # text = וַיַּשְׁקֵ֗ף עַל־פְּנֵ֤י סְדֹם֙ וַעֲמֹרָ֔ה וְעַֽל־כָּל־פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַכִּכָּ֑ר וַיַּ֗רְא וְהִנֵּ֤ה עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ כְּקִיטֹ֖ר הַכִּבְשָֽׁן׃ # verse = GEN.19.28 1-2 וַיַּשְׁקֵ֗ף _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_19:28!1|MId=o010190280011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּשְׁקֵ֗ף שָׁקַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.looked.down|Ref=GEN_19:28!1|MId=o010190280012|Strong=8259|Frame=A0:010190270021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=GEN_19:28!2|MId=o010190280021|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 4 פְּנֵ֤י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=the.face|Ref=GEN_19:28!3|MId=o010190280031|Strong=6440 5 סְדֹם֙ סְדֹם PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Sodom|Ref=GEN_19:28!4|MId=o010190280041|Strong=5467 6-7 וַעֲמֹרָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_19:28!5|MId=o010190280051|Strong=2050b 7 עֲמֹרָ֔ה עֲמֹרָה PROPN _ _ 5 conj _ Gloss=Gomorrah|Ref=GEN_19:28!5|MId=o010190280052|Strong=6017 8-9 וְעַֽל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_19:28!6|MId=o010190280061|Strong=2050b 9 עַֽל־ עַל ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=GEN_19:28!6|MId=o010190280062|Strong=5921 10 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=GEN_19:28!7|MId=o010190280071|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 11 פְּנֵ֖י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.face|Ref=GEN_19:28!8|MId=o010190280081|Strong=6440 12 אֶ֣רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.land|Ref=GEN_19:28!9|MId=o010190280091|Strong=0776 13-14 הַכִּכָּ֑ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=GEN_19:28!10|MId=o010190280101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 כִּכָּ֑ר כִּכָּר NOUN _ Number=Sing 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.valley|Ref=GEN_19:28!10|MId=o010190280102|Strong=3603 15-16 וַיַּ֗רְא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_19:28!11|MId=o010190280111|Strong=2050b 16 יַּ֗רְא רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.saw|Ref=GEN_19:28!11|MId=o010190280112|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:010190270021;|Type=wayyiqtol 17-18 וְהִנֵּ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 19 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_19:28!12|MId=o010190280121|Strong=2050b 18 הִנֵּ֤ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 19 discourse _ Gloss=there!|Ref=GEN_19:28!12|MId=o010190280122|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 19 עָלָה֙ עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.went.up|Ref=GEN_19:28!13|MId=o010190280131|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:010190280141;|Type=qatal 20 קִיטֹ֣ר קִיטוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Gloss=the.smoke|Ref=GEN_19:28!14|MId=o010190280141|Strong=7008 21-22 הָאָ֔רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=GEN_19:28!15|MId=o010190280151|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 אָ֔רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=GEN_19:28!15|MId=o010190280152|Strong=0776 23-24 כְּקִיטֹ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 כְּ כְּ ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=like|Ref=GEN_19:28!16|MId=o010190280161|Strong=3509a 24 קִיטֹ֖ר קִיטוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 obl _ Gloss=the.smoke|Ref=GEN_19:28!16|MId=o010190280162|Strong=7008 25-26 הַכִּבְשָֽׁן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 26 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=GEN_19:28!17|MId=o010190280171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 כִּבְשָֽׁן כִּבְשָׁן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 compound:smixut _ Gloss=kiln|Ref=GEN_19:28!17|MId=o010190280172|Strong=3536 27 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 26 punct _ Ref=GEN_19:28!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּשְׁקֵף *he looked down* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | | | | | | יַּרְא *he saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | עָלָה *it went up* | qatal · qal | קִיטֹר *the smoke* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וְאִסְתְּכִי עַל אַפֵּי סְדוֹם וַעֲמוֹרָה וְעַל כָּל אַפֵּי אַרְעָא דְּמֵישְׁרָא וַחֲזָא וְהָא סְלִיק תְּנָנָא דְּאַרְעָא כִּתְנָנָא דְּאַתּוּנָא The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And he looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the Plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.507/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:485`. - ← previous: [Genesis 19:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.19.27/) - next →: [Genesis 19:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.19.29/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/19/)