--- title: Genesis 3:19 — In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.' Who acts: thou. Genesis 3:19 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.3.19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/3/) / 3:19 # Genesis 3:19 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** thou · **What happens:** eat, return, take, be · **To what, where:** bread, sweat, thou, ground This is Genesis 3:19 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — thou — and what happens in the verse to bread, sweat, thou, ground, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. בְּזֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ כִּֽי־עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה וְאֶל־עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב׃ [In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.80/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:74 # text = בְּזֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ כִּֽי־עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה וְאֶל־עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב׃ # verse = GEN.3.19 1-2 בְּזֵעַ֤ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 2 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=GEN_3:19!1|MId=o010030190011|Strong=0871a 2 זֵעַ֤ת זֵעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 obl _ Gloss=the.sweat|Ref=GEN_3:19!1|MId=o010030190012|Strong=2188 3-4 אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 אַפֶּ֙י אַף NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 2 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.face|Ref=GEN_3:19!2|MId=o010030190021|Strong=0639 4 ךָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 3 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=GEN_3:19!2|MId=o010030190022|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 5 תֹּ֣אכַל אָכַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.will.eat|Ref=GEN_3:19!3|MId=o010030190031|Strong=0398|Frame=A0:010030170013;A1:010030190041;|Type=yiqtol 6 לֶ֔חֶם לֶחֶם NOUN _ Number=Sing 5 obj _ Gloss=food|Ref=GEN_3:19!4|MId=o010030190041|Strong=3899 7 עַ֤ד עַד ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=GEN_3:19!5|MId=o010030190051|Strong=5704 8-9 שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 שֽׁוּב שׁוּב VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 5 advcl _ Gloss=return|Ref=GEN_3:19!6|MId=o010030190061|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:010030190062;|Type=infinitive_construct 9 ְךָ֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=GEN_3:19!6|MId=o010030190062|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 10 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_3:19!7|MId=o010030190071|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 11-12 הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הָ֣ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_3:19!8|MId=o010030190081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 אֲדָמָ֔ה אֲדָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=GEN_3:19!8|MId=o010030190082|Strong=0127 13 כִּ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=GEN_3:19!9|MId=o010030190091|Strong=3588 14-15 מִמֶּ֖נָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 מִמּ מִן ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=GEN_3:19!10|MId=o010030190101|Strong=4480 15 ֶ֖נָּה הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=GEN_3:19!10|MId=o010030190102|Strong=5089a|Type=pronominal 16 לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PUAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 5 advcl _ Gloss=you.were.taken|Ref=GEN_3:19!11|MId=o010030190111|Strong=3947|Frame=A1:010030170013;|Type=qatal 17 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 18 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=GEN_3:19!12|MId=o010030190121|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 18 עָפָ֣ר עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 advcl _ Gloss=[are].dust|Ref=GEN_3:19!13|MId=o010030190131|Strong=6083 19 אַ֔תָּה אַתָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=GEN_3:19!14|MId=o010030190141|Strong=0859|Type=personal 20-21 וְאֶל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_3:19!15|MId=o010030190151|Strong=2050b 21 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_3:19!15|MId=o010030190152|Strong=0413 22 עָפָ֖ר עָפָר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 obl _ Gloss=dust|Ref=GEN_3:19!16|MId=o010030190161|Strong=6083 23 תָּשֽׁוּב שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 5 conj _ Gloss=you.will.return|Ref=GEN_3:19!17|MId=o010030190171|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:010030170013;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 24 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=GEN_3:19!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no - indirect: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תֹּאכַל *you will eat* | yiqtol · qal | | לֶחֶם *food* | | | | שֽׁוּב *return* | infinitive construct · qal | ְךָ *you* | | | | | לֻקָּחְתָּ *you were taken* | qatal · pual | | | | | | תָּשֽׁוּב *you will return* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} בְּזִעֲתָא דְאַפָּךְ תֵּיכוּל לַחְמָא עַד דְּתִיתוּב לְאַרְעָא דְּמִנַּהּ אִתְבְּרֵיתָא אֲרֵי עַפְרָא אַתְּ וּלְעַפְרָא תְּתוּב The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.80/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:74`. - ← previous: [Genesis 3:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.3.18/) - next →: [Genesis 3:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.3.20/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/3/)