--- title: Genesis 44:16 — And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants; behold, we are my lord's bondmen, both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is found.' Who acts: Judah, we, God. Genesis 44:16 in Hebrew with its d --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/44/) / 44:16 # Genesis 44:16 בְּרֵאשִׁית **Who acts:** Judah, we, God · **What happens:** say, speak, clear, find out, be, find · **To what, where:** ourselves, iniquity, bondmen, God, hand · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Genesis 44:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Judah, we, God — and what happens in the verse to ourselves, iniquity, bondmen, God, hand, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה מַה־נֹּאמַר֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י מַה־נְּדַבֵּ֖ר וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔יךָ הִנֶּנּ֤וּ עֲבָדִים֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃ [And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1454/) [God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants; behold, we are my lord's bondmen, both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is found.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1455/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:GEN:1340 # text = וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה מַה־נֹּאמַר֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י מַה־נְּדַבֵּ֖ר וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔יךָ הִנֶּנּ֤וּ עֲבָדִים֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃ # verse = GEN.44.16 1-2 וַיֹּ֣אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_44:16!1|MId=o010440160011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֣אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=GEN_44:16!1|MId=o010440160012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:010440160021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוּדָ֗ה יְהוּדָה PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Judah|Ref=GEN_44:16!2|MId=o010440160021|Strong=3063 4 מַה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 5 obj _ Gloss=what?|Ref=GEN_44:16!3|MId=o010440160031|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative|SpaceAfter=No 5 נֹּאמַר֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 2 ccomp _ Gloss=will.we.say|Ref=GEN_44:16!4|MId=o010440160041|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:010440160021;010440140032;A1:010440160031;|Type=yiqtol 6-8 לַֽאדֹנִ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 לַֽ לְ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_44:16!5|MId=o010440160051|Strong=3807a 7 אדֹנ אָדוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 obl _ Gloss=lord|Ref=GEN_44:16!5|MId=o010440160052|Strong=0113 8 ִ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=GEN_44:16!5|MId=o010440160053|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 9 מַה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 10 obj _ Gloss=what?|Ref=GEN_44:16!6|MId=o010440160061|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative|SpaceAfter=No 10 נְּדַבֵּ֖ר דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=1 5 ccomp _ Gloss=will.we.speak|Ref=GEN_44:16!7|MId=o010440160071|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:010440160021;010440140032;A1:010440160061;|Type=yiqtol 11-12 וּמַה־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_44:16!8|MId=o010440160081|Strong=2050b 12 מַה־ מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 13 advmod _ Gloss=what?|Ref=GEN_44:16!8|MId=o010440160082|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 13 נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק צָדֵק VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HITHPAEL|Number=Plur|Person=1 10 conj _ Gloss=will.we.justify.ourselves|Ref=GEN_44:16!9|MId=o010440160091|Strong=6663|Frame=A0:010440160021;010440140032;|Type=yiqtol 14-15 הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=GEN_44:16!10|MId=o010440160101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 אֱלֹהִ֗ים אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 16 nsubj _ Gloss=God|Ref=GEN_44:16!10|MId=o010440160102|Strong=0430 16 מָצָא֙ מָצָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 10 parataxis _ Gloss=he.has.found|Ref=GEN_44:16!11|MId=o010440160111|Strong=4672|Frame=A0:010440160102;A1:010440160131;|Type=qatal 17 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=GEN_44:16!12|MId=o010440160121|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 18 עֲוֺ֣ן עָוֺן NOUN _ Number=Sing 16 obj _ Gloss=the.guilt|Ref=GEN_44:16!13|MId=o010440160131|Strong=5771 19-20 עֲבָדֶ֔יךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 עֲבָדֶ֔י עֶבֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=your.servants|Ref=GEN_44:16!14|MId=o010440160141|Strong=5650 20 ךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 19 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=GEN_44:16!14|MId=o010440160142|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 21-22 הִנֶּנּ֤וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הִנּ הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 23 nsubj _ Gloss=here|Ref=GEN_44:16!15|MId=o010440160151|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 22 ֶנּ֤וּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ Gloss=we|Ref=GEN_44:16!15|MId=o010440160152|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 23 עֲבָדִים֙ עֶבֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 10 parataxis _ Gloss=[are].slaves|Ref=GEN_44:16!16|MId=o010440160161|Strong=5650 24-26 לַֽאדֹנִ֔י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 לַֽ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=of|Ref=GEN_44:16!17|MId=o010440160171|Strong=3807a 25 אדֹנ אָדוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 obl _ Gloss=lord|Ref=GEN_44:16!17|MId=o010440160172|Strong=0113 26 ִ֔י הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ Gloss=my|Ref=GEN_44:16!17|MId=o010440160173|Strong=2967a|Type=pronominal 27 גַּם־ גַּם ADV _ _ 28 advmod _ Gloss=both|Ref=GEN_44:16!18|MId=o010440160181|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation|SpaceAfter=No 28 אֲנַ֕חְנוּ אֲנַחְנוּ PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 parataxis _ Gloss=we|Ref=GEN_44:16!19|MId=o010440160191|Strong=0587|Type=personal 29 גַּ֛ם גַּם ADV _ _ 31 advmod _ Gloss=as.well.as|Ref=GEN_44:16!20|MId=o010440160201|Strong=1571|Type=affirmation 30 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 31 mark _ Gloss=[the.one].who|Ref=GEN_44:16!21|MId=o010440160211|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 31 נִמְצָ֥א מָצָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 28 conj _ Gloss=it.was.found|Ref=GEN_44:16!22|MId=o010440160221|Strong=4672|Frame=A1:010440160232;|Type=qatal 32-33 הַגָּבִ֖יעַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_44:16!23|MId=o010440160231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 גָּבִ֖יעַ גָּבִיעַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 nsubj _ Gloss=cup|Ref=GEN_44:16!23|MId=o010440160232|Strong=1375 34-36 בְּיָדֽוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 35 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=GEN_44:16!24|MId=o010440160241|Strong=0871a 35 יָד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 obl _ Gloss=hand|Ref=GEN_44:16!24|MId=o010440160242|Strong=3027 36 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 35 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=GEN_44:16!24|MId=o010440160243|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 37 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=GEN_44:16!24 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | | | | | נֹּאמַר *will we say* | yiqtol · qal | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | מַה־ *what?* | | | | נְּדַבֵּר *will we speak* | yiqtol · piel | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | מַה־ *what?* | | | | נִּצְטַדָּק *will we justify ourselves* | yiqtol · hithpael | יְהוּדָה *Judah* | | | | | מָצָא *he has found* | qatal · qal | אֱלֹהִים *God* | עֲוֺן *the guilt* | | | | נִמְצָא *it was found* | qatal · niphal | | גָּבִיעַ *cup* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר יְהוּדָה מַה נֵּימַר לְרִבּוֹנִי מַה נְּמַלֵּל וּמַה נִזְכֵּי מִן קֳדָם יְיָ אִשְׁתְּכַח יָת חוֹבָא דְעַבְדָּיךְ הָא אֲנַחְנָא עַבְדִּין לְרִבּוֹנִי אַף אֲנַחְנָא אַף דְּאִשְׁתְּכַח כַּלִּידָא בִּידֵהּ The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1454/) 2. [God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants; behold, we are my lord's bondmen, both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is found.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1455/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:GEN:1340`. - ← previous: [Genesis 44:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.15/) - next →: [Genesis 44:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.17/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/44/)