--- title: Leviticus 11:31 — These are they which are unclean to you among all that swarm; whosoe… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: These are they which are unclean to you among all that swarm; whosoever doth touch them, when they are dead, shall be unclean until the even. Who acts: These, whosoever, gecko. Leviticus 11:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.11.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Leviticus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/) / [chapter 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/11/) / 11:31 # Leviticus 11:31 וַיִּקְרָא **Who acts:** These, whosoever, gecko · **What happens:** be, swarm, touch · **To what, where:** gecko, you This is Leviticus 11:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — These, whosoever, gecko — and what happens in the verse to gecko, you, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 27 chapters of Leviticus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אֵ֛לֶּה הַטְּמֵאִ֥ים לָכֶ֖ם בְּכָל־הַשָּׁ֑רֶץ כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֧עַ בָּהֶ֛ם בְּמֹתָ֖ם יִטְמָ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃ [These are they which are unclean to you among all that swarm; whosoever doth touch them, when they are dead, shall be unclean until the even.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/LEV.285/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LEV:282 # text = אֵ֛לֶּה הַטְּמֵאִ֥ים לָכֶ֖ם בְּכָל־הַשָּׁ֑רֶץ כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֧עַ בָּהֶ֛ם בְּמֹתָ֖ם יִטְמָ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃ # verse = LEV.11.31 1 אֵ֛לֶּה אֵלֶּה PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj _ Gloss=these|Ref=LEV_11:31!1|MId=o030110310011|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 2-3 הַטְּמֵאִ֥ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 3 det _ Gloss=[are].the|Ref=LEV_11:31!2|MId=o030110310021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 3 טְּמֵאִ֥ים טָמֵא ADJ _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=unclean|Ref=LEV_11:31!2|MId=o030110310022|Strong=2931|Type=adjective 4-5 לָכֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 ל לְ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LEV_11:31!3|MId=o030110310031|Strong=3807a 5 ָכֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 3 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=LEV_11:31!3|MId=o030110310032|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 6-7 בְּכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=among|Ref=LEV_11:31!4|MId=o030110310041|Strong=0871a 7 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=every|Ref=LEV_11:31!4|MId=o030110310042|Strong=3605 8-9 הַשָּׁ֑רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=(the).swarming|Ref=LEV_11:31!5|MId=o030110310051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 שָּׁ֑רֶץ שֶׁרֶץ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=thing|Ref=LEV_11:31!5|MId=o030110310052|Strong=8318 10 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 nsubj _ Gloss=every|Ref=LEV_11:31!6|MId=o030110310061|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 11-12 הַנֹּגֵ֧עַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 12 mark _ Gloss=(the).[one|Ref=LEV_11:31!7|MId=o030110310071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 נֹּגֵ֧עַ נָגַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=who].touches|Ref=LEV_11:31!7|MId=o030110310072|Strong=5060|Type=participle_active 13-14 בָּהֶ֛ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=(in)|Ref=LEV_11:31!8|MId=o030110310081|Strong=0871a 14 ָהֶ֛ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=LEV_11:31!8|MId=o030110310082|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 15-17 בְּמֹתָ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LEV_11:31!9|MId=o030110310091|Strong=0871a 16 מֹת מָוֶת NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=death|Ref=LEV_11:31!9|MId=o030110310092|Strong=4194 17 ָ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=LEV_11:31!9|MId=o030110310093|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 18 יִטְמָ֥א טָמֵא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 parataxis _ Gloss=he.will.be.unclean|Ref=LEV_11:31!10|MId=o030110310101|Strong=2930|Frame=A0:030110310072;|Type=yiqtol 19 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=LEV_11:31!11|MId=o030110310111|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 20-21 הָעָֽרֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=LEV_11:31!12|MId=o030110310121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 עָֽרֶב עֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=evening|Ref=LEV_11:31!12|MId=o030110310122|Strong=6153 22 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 21 punct _ Ref=LEV_11:31!12 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִטְמָא *he will be unclean* | yiqtol · qal | נֹּגֵעַ *who\] touches* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} אִלֵין דִמְסַאֲבִין לְכוֹן בְּכָל רִחֲשָׁא כֹּל דְיִקְרַב בְּהוֹן בְּמוֹתְהוֹן יְהֵי מְסָאָב עַד רַמְשָׁא The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [These are they which are unclean to you among all that swarm; whosoever doth touch them, when they are dead, shall be unclean until the even.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/LEV.285/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LEV:282`. - ← previous: [Leviticus 11:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.11.30/) - next →: [Leviticus 11:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.11.32/) - ↑ back to [Leviticus 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/11/)