--- title: Leviticus 18:19 — And thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, a… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is impure by her uncleanness. Who acts: thou, wife. Leviticus 18:19 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Onkelos, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.18.19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Leviticus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/18/) / 18:19 # Leviticus 18:19 וַיִּקְרָא **Who acts:** thou, wife · **What happens:** not approach, uncover, be · **To what, where:** nakedness This is Leviticus 18:19 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — thou, wife — and what happens in the verse to nakedness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 27 chapters of Leviticus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְאֶל־אִשָּׁ֖ה בְּנִדַּ֣ת טֻמְאָתָ֑הּ לֹ֣א תִקְרַ֔ב לְגַלּ֖וֹת עֶרְוָתָֽהּ׃ [And thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is impure by her uncleanness.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/LEV.530/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:LEV:524 # text = וְאֶל־אִשָּׁ֖ה בְּנִדַּ֣ת טֻמְאָתָ֑הּ לֹ֣א תִקְרַ֔ב לְגַלּ֖וֹת עֶרְוָתָֽהּ׃ # verse = LEV.18.19 1-2 וְאֶל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=LEV_18:19!1|MId=o030180190011|Strong=2050b 2 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 3 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LEV_18:19!1|MId=o030180190012|Strong=0413 3 אִשָּׁ֖ה אִשָּׁה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 obl _ Gloss=a.woman|Ref=LEV_18:19!2|MId=o030180190021|Strong=0802 4-5 בְּנִדַּ֣ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=LEV_18:19!3|MId=o030180190031|Strong=0871a 5 נִדַּ֣ת נִדָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ Gloss=the.menstruous.impurity|Ref=LEV_18:19!3|MId=o030180190032|Strong=5079 6-7 טֻמְאָתָ֑הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 טֻמְאָת טֻמְאָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=her.uncleanness|Ref=LEV_18:19!4|MId=o030180190041|Strong=2932 7 ָ֑הּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ Gloss=her|Ref=LEV_18:19!4|MId=o030180190042|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 8 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 9 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=LEV_18:19!5|MId=o030180190051|Strong=3808|Type=negative 9 תִקְרַ֔ב קָרַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 0 root _ Gloss=you.will.draw.near|Ref=LEV_18:19!6|MId=o030180190061|Strong=7126|Frame=A0:030180020031;|Type=yiqtol 10-11 לְגַלּ֖וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=LEV_18:19!7|MId=o030180190071|Strong=3807a 11 גַלּ֖וֹת גָּלָה VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 9 advcl _ Gloss=uncover|Ref=LEV_18:19!7|MId=o030180190072|Strong=1540|Frame=A0:030180020031;A1:030180190081;|Type=infinitive_construct 12-13 עֶרְוָתָֽהּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 עֶרְוָת עֶרְוָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 obj _ Gloss=nakedness|Ref=LEV_18:19!8|MId=o030180190081|Strong=6172 13 ָֽהּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ Gloss=her|Ref=LEV_18:19!8|MId=o030180190082|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 14 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 13 punct _ Ref=LEV_18:19!8 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: request - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes - indirect: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **not** תִקְרַב *you will draw near* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | גַלּוֹת *uncover* | infinitive construct · piel | | עֶרְוָת *nakedness* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Onkelos {#onkelos} וּלְאִתְּתָא בְּרִחוּק סוֹבְתַהּ לָא תִקְרַב לְגַלָאָה עֶרְיְתָהּ The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is impure by her uncleanness.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/LEV.530/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:LEV:524`. - ← previous: [Leviticus 18:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.18.18/) - next →: [Leviticus 18:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.18.20/) - ↑ back to [Leviticus 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV/18/)