---
title: Deuteronomy 19:15 (JPS 1917) — One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for… · tree and pragmatics
description: One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth; at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be establishment Who acts: One witness, witness, matter. Deuteronomy 19:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree 
---

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# Deuteronomy 19:15 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth; at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be establishment

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**Who acts:** One witness, witness, matter · **What happens:** not rise up, sin, be · **To what, where:** sin, establishment, mouth

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This is Deuteronomy 19:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (One witness, witness, matter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:DEU:535
# text = One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth; at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be establishment
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	iniquity	iniquity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	det	_	_
17	sin	sin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	21	det	_	_
21	sin	sin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	obj	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	sinneth	sin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
26	at	at	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
31	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	_
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
33	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
34	at	at	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	39	nummod	_	_
39	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nmod	_	_
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
41	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	45	aux	_	_
42	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	matter	matter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nsubj	_	_
44	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	45	cop	_	_
45	establishment	establishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: other
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=other

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **rise up** | shall | One witness |  |  |  |  | against a man; for any iniquity in any sin; for any sin | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent against man=Location |
| 2 | **sin** | present | witness | any sin |  |  |  |  | vn rebel-71.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | shall | a matter | establishment |  | the mouth of two witnesses or the mouth of three witnesses |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
לֹֽא־יָקוּם֩ עֵ֨ד אֶחָ֜ד בְּאִ֗ישׁ לְכָל־עָוֺן֙ וּלְכָל־חַטָּ֔את בְּכָל־חֵ֖טְא אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶֽחֱטָ֑א עַל־פִּ֣י ׀ שְׁנֵ֣י עֵדִ֗ים א֛וֹ עַל־פִּ֥י שְׁלֹשָֽׁה־עֵדִ֖ים יָק֥וּם דָּבָֽר׃

[Deuteronomy 19:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/DEU.19.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:DEU:535` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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