--- title: Exodus 1:14 (JPS 1917) — And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in… · tree and pragmatics description: And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour. Who acts: children, lives. Exodus 1:14 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Exodus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO/1/) / [1:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.1.14/) / JPS 1 # Exodus 1:14 · JPS 1917 And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour. **Who acts:** children, lives · **What happens:** make, serve, service · **To what, where:** lives, mortar This is Exodus 1:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (children, lives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:EXO:15 # text = And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 made make VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ _ 5 lives life NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 6 bitter bitter ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 xcomp _ _ 7 with with ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 service service NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 mortar mortar NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 brick brick NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 conj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 18 in in ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 20 det _ _ 20 manner manner NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 21 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 service service NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 field field NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 nmod _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 28 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 30 det:predet _ _ 29 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ _ 30 service service NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 32 wherein wherein ADV WRB PronType=Int 34 advmod _ _ 33 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ _ 34 made make VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 30 acl:relcl _ _ 35 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 obj _ _ 36 serve serve VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 34 xcomp _ _ 37 with with ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 rigour rigour NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl _ _ 39 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **make** | past | children *= child* | children's lives | | mortar and brick | | with hard service; in all manner of service in the field; in children's service; bitter *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset life=Product | | 2 | **make** | past | children *= child* | lives *= life* | | | | wherein *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **serve** | infinitive | lives *= life* *not said here* | | | | | with rigour | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: agent=Agent with rigour=Theme | | 4 | **service** | | children *= child* | | | | | | nom service «act transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה בְּחֹ֙מֶר֙ וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים וּבְכָל־עֲבֹדָ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ [Exodus 1:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.1.14/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:EXO:15` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Exodus 1:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.14/) - next →: [Exodus 1:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/EXO.16/) - ↑ back to [Exodus 1:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.1.14/)