---
title: Exodus 15:15 (JPS 1917) — Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, tre… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away. Who acts: mighty men. Exodus 15:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Exodus 15:15 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** mighty men · **What happens:** affright, tremble, take, melt away · **To what, where:** chiefs, hold, inhabitants

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Exodus 15:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mighty men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:EXO:431
# text = Then were the chiefs of Edom affrighted; the mighty men of Moab, trembling taketh hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Edom	Edom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	affrighted	affright	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	mighty	mighty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Moab	Moab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	acl	_	_
16	taketh	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
17	hold	hold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	_
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
21	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	23	det:predet	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	Canaan	Canaan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	_
28	away	away	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affright** | past · passive |  | the chiefs of Edom |  |  | then |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tremble** | gerund | the mighty men of Moab *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **take** | present | the mighty men of Moab | hold |  |  |  | upon chiefs *= chief* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hold=Theme |
| 4 | **melt away** | present · passive |  | all inhabitants of Canaan |  |  |  | away *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
אָ֤ז נִבְהֲלוּ֙ אַלּוּפֵ֣י אֱד֔וֹם אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖מוֹ רָ֑עַד נָמֹ֕גוּ כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֥י כְנָֽעַן׃

[Exodus 15:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.15.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:EXO:431` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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