---
title: Genesis 36:31 (JPS 1917) — And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before the… · tree and pragmatics
description: And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel. Who acts: these, kings, king. Genesis 36:31 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Genesis 36:31 · JPS 1917

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And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel.

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**Who acts:** these, kings, king · **What happens:** be, reign · **To what, where:** kings, land

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This is Genesis 36:31 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (these, kings, king), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:GEN:1160
# text = And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there reigned any king over the children of Israel.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	reigned	reign	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Edom	Edom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	there	there	PRON	EX	_	16	expl	_	_
16	reigned	reign	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
17	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
18	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | these | the kings |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **reign** | past | the kings |  |  | the land of Edom |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **reign** | past | any king |  |  | there |  | over the children of Israel | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר מָלְכ֖וּ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֑וֹם לִפְנֵ֥י מְלָךְ־מֶ֖לֶךְ לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

[Genesis 36:31: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.36.31/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:GEN:1160` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ← previous: [Genesis 36:30 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1159/)
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- ↑ back to [Genesis 36:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.36.31/)