--- title: Genesis 44:16 (JPS 1917) — And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak… · tree and pragmatics description: And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? Who acts: Judah, we. Genesis 44:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1454/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/44/) / [44:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.16/) / JPS 1 # Genesis 44:16 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2 And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? **Who acts:** Judah, we · **What happens:** say, speak, clear · **To what, where:** ourselves · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is Genesis 44:16 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Judah, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:GEN:1454 # text = And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves? 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 Judah Judah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 : : PUNCT : _ 9 punct _ _ 5 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 9 punct _ _ 6 What what PRON WP PronType=Int 9 obj _ _ 7 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 9 aux _ _ 8 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ _ 9 say say VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 ccomp _ _ 10 unto unto ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ _ 12 lord lord NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 13 ? ? PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ 14 what what PRON WP PronType=Int 17 obj _ _ 15 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 17 aux _ _ 16 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nsubj _ _ 17 speak speak VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 ccomp _ _ 18 ? ? PUNCT . _ 17 punct _ _ 19 or or CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 20 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 23 advmod _ _ 21 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 23 aux _ _ 22 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 23 clear clear VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 conj _ _ 24 ourselves ourselves PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 23 obj _ _ 25 ? ? PUNCT . _ 23 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Judah | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | shall | we | | | | | unto my lord | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | shall | we | | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **clear** | shall | we | ourselves | | | | | vn clear-10.3-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent ourselves=Source | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה מַה־נֹּאמַר֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י מַה־נְּדַבֵּ֖ר וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔יךָ הִנֶּנּ֤וּ עֲבָדִים֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃ [Genesis 44:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.16/) This verse in JPS 1917: 1. **And Judah said: 'What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how shall we clear ourselves?** 2. [God hath found out the iniquity of thy servants; behold, we are my lord's bondmen, both we, and he also in whose hand the cup is found.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1455/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:GEN:1454` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Genesis 44:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1453/) - next →: [Genesis 44:16 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.1455/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 44:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.44.16/)