--- title: Genesis 1:14 (JPS 1917) — And God said: 'Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to… · tree and pragmatics description: And God said: 'Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years; Who acts: God, lights, heaven. Genesis 1:14 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/1/) / [1:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.14/) / JPS 1 # Genesis 1:14 · JPS 1917 And God said: 'Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years; **Who acts:** God, lights, heaven · **What happens:** say, let, be, divide · **To what, where:** heaven · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is Genesis 1:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (God, lights, heaven), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:GEN:15 # text = And God said: 'Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years; 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 God God PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 : : PUNCT : _ 6 punct _ _ 5 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 6 punct _ _ 6 Let let VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 ccomp _ _ 7 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 8 expl _ _ 8 be be VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _ 9 lights light NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _ 10 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 firmament firmament NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 heaven heaven NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod _ _ 16 to to PART TO _ 17 mark _ _ 17 divide divide VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 8 advcl _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 20 from from ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obl _ _ 23 ; ; PUNCT : _ 25 punct _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 25 let let VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 conj _ _ 26 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 obj _ _ 27 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 29 cop _ _ 28 for for ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 signs sign NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 xcomp _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 seasons season NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 conj _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 for for ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 37 days day NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 conj _ _ 38 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 39 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 conj _ _ 40 ; ; PUNCT : _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | God | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **let** | infinitive | | | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **be** | infinitive | lights in the firmament of the heaven | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **divide** | to-infinitive | lights in the firmament of the heaven *not said here* | | | | day; night | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **let** | infinitive | God *not said here* | heaven | | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 6 | **is** | infinitive | heaven *not said here* | | | | | for signs and seasons and days and years | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים יְהִ֤י מְאֹרֹת֙ בִּרְקִ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם לְהַבְדִּ֕יל בֵּ֥ין הַיּ֖וֹם וּבֵ֣ין הַלָּ֑יְלָה וְהָי֤וּ לְאֹתֹת֙ וּלְמ֣וֹעֲדִ֔ים וּלְיָמִ֖ים וְשָׁנִֽים׃ [Genesis 1:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.14/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:GEN:15` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Genesis 1:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.14/) - next →: [Genesis 1:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.16/) - ↑ back to [Genesis 1:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.14/)