---
title: Genesis 1:15 (JPS 1917) — and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give li… · tree and pragmatics
description: and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth.' And it was so. Who acts: you, heaven, light. Genesis 1:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Genesis 1:15 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth.' And it was so.

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**Who acts:** you, heaven, light · **What happens:** let, be, give · **To what, where:** heaven, firmament, light

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This is Genesis 1:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, heaven, light), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:GEN:16
# text = and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth.' And it was so.
1	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
2	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	xcomp	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
15	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
16	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
20	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
21	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	2	conj	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | heaven |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive | heaven *not said here* |  |  | the firmament of the heaven |  | for lights | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | to-infinitive | heaven *not said here* | light |  |  |  | upon the earth | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Theme |
| 4 | **is** | past | light |  |  |  |  | so *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְהָי֤וּ לִמְאוֹרֹת֙ בִּרְקִ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם לְהָאִ֖יר עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן׃

[Genesis 1:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:GEN:16` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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