---
title: Genesis 31:48 (JPS 1917) — And Laban said: 'This heap is witness between me and thee this day.'… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Laban said: 'This heap is witness between me and thee this day.' Therefore was the name of it called Galeed; Who acts: Laban, heap. Genesis 31:48 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.991/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Torah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/) / [Genesis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN/31/) / [31:48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.31.48/) / JPS 1

# Genesis 31:48 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Laban said: 'This heap is witness between me and thee this day.' Therefore was the name of it called Galeed;

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Laban, heap · **What happens:** say, be, call, name · **To what, where:** witness, name, heap · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Genesis 31:48 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Laban, heap), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:GEN:991
# text = And Laban said: 'This heap is witness between me and thee this day.' Therefore was the name of it called Galeed;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Laban	Laban	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	_
6	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	_
10	between	between	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	11	conj	_	_
14	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	15	det	_	_
15	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:unmarked	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
18	Therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nmod	_	_
24	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
25	Galeed	Galeed	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	xcomp	_	_
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: evaluate
- voice: character
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Laban |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | this heap | witness |  |  | day | between me | tree rules |
| 3 | **call** | past · passive |  | the name of heap |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 4 | **name** |  |  | heap |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָבָ֔ן הַגַּ֨ל הַזֶּ֥ה עֵ֛ד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינְךָ֖ הַיּ֑וֹם עַל־כֵּ֥ן קָרָֽא־שְׁמ֖וֹגַּלְעֵֽד׃

[Genesis 31:48: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.31.48/)

<!-- div src -->

**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:GEN:991` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Genesis 31:47 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.990/)
- next →: [Genesis 31:49 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/jps/GEN.992/)
- ↑ back to [Genesis 31:48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.31.48/)