---
title: Leviticus 11:23 (JPS 1917) — But all winged swarming things, which have four feet, are a detestab… · tree and pragmatics
description: But all winged swarming things, which have four feet, are a detestable thing unto you. Who acts: winged swarming things. Leviticus 11:23 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Leviticus 11:23 · JPS 1917

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But all winged swarming things, which have four feet, are a detestable thing unto you.

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**Who acts:** winged swarming things · **What happens:** have, be · **To what, where:** four feet, detestable thing

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This is Leviticus 11:23 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (winged swarming things), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LEV:277
# text = But all winged swarming things, which have four feet, are a detestable thing unto you.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
3	winged	wing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	swarming	swarming	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	detestable	detestable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
16	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	obl	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | all winged swarming things | four feet |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | all winged swarming things | a detestable thing |  |  |  | unto you | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְכֹל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף אֲשֶׁר־ל֖וֹ אַרְבַּ֣ע רַגְלָ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם׃

[Leviticus 11:23: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.11.23/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LEV:277` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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