---
title: Leviticus 18:25 (JPS 1917) — And the land was defiled, therefore I did visit the iniquity thereof… · tree and pragmatics
description: And the land was defiled, therefore I did visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land vomited out her inhabitants. Who acts: I, land. Leviticus 18:25 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Leviticus 18:25 · JPS 1917

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And the land was defiled, therefore I did visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land vomited out her inhabitants.

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**Who acts:** I, land · **What happens:** defile, visit, vomit out · **To what, where:** land, iniquity, inhabitants

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This is Leviticus 18:25 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, land), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LEV:536
# text = And the land was defiled, therefore I did visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land vomited out her inhabitants.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	defiled	defile	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	visit	visit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	iniquity	iniquity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obl	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	vomited	vomit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	RP	_	20	compound:prt	_	_
22	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defile** | past · passive |  | the land |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **visit** | past · do-support | I | the iniquity |  |  |  | upon land; therefore *property* | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent iniquity=Co-Agent |
| 3 | **vomit out** | past | the land | Molech's inhabitants |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent inhabitant=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַתִּטְמָ֣א הָאָ֔רֶץ וָאֶפְקֹ֥ד עֲוֺנָ֖הּ עָלֶ֑יהָ וַתָּקִ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ אֶת־יֹשְׁבֶֽיהָ׃

[Leviticus 18:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.18.25/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LEV:536` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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