---
title: Leviticus 26:31 (JPS 1917) — And I will make your cities a waste, and will bring your sanctuaries… · tree and pragmatics
description: And I will make your cities a waste, and will bring your sanctuaries unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours. Who acts: I. Leviticus 26:31 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Leviticus 26:31 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And I will make your cities a waste, and will bring your sanctuaries unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours.

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**Who acts:** I · **What happens:** make, bring, not smell, savour · **To what, where:** cities, sanctuaries, savour, sweet odours

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This is Leviticus 26:31 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:LEV:819
# text = And I will make your cities a waste, and will bring your sanctuaries unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
13	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	sanctuaries	sanctuary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	desolation	desolation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
20	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	22	advmod	_	_
22	smell	smell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	savour	savour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
27	sweet	sweet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	odours	odour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nmod	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: promise
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | future | I | your cities |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Product |
| 2 | **bring** | future | I *not said here* | your sanctuaries |  |  |  | unto desolation | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent sanctuary=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **smell** | future | I | the savour of your sweet odours |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer savour=Stimulus |
| 4 | **savour** |  |  | your sweet odours |  |  |  |  | nom savour «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְנָתַתִּ֤י אֶת־עָֽרֵיכֶם֙ חָרְבָּ֔ה וַהֲשִׁמּוֹתִ֖י אֶת־מִקְדְּשֵׁיכֶ֑ם וְלֹ֣א אָרִ֔יחַ בְּרֵ֖יחַ נִיחֹֽחֲכֶֽם׃

[Leviticus 26:31: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Onkelos →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.26.31/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:LEV:819` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ↑ back to [Leviticus 26:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/LEV.26.31/)