---
title: Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of… — Afghanistan · tree and pragmatics
description: Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and I
---

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# Afghanistan, sentence 355

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From Wikipedia, [«Afghanistan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and India, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.

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**Who acts:** Afghanistan, Soviet Union · **What happens:** have, recognize, provide, include, sign · **To what, where:** strong relations, independence, 1919, much aid, signing, 1921

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Afghanistan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Afghanistan, Soviet Union), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Afghanistan:355
# text = Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and India, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.
1	Historically	historically	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	relations	relation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Germany	Germany	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	appos	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	14	amod	_	_
14	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	recognize	recognize	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	acl	_	_
17	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	independence	independence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	1919	1919	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	Soviet	Soviet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Union	Union	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	nsubj	_	_
28	provided	provide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
29	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	aid	aid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	military	military	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	training	training	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	_
34	for	for	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	Afghanistan	Afghanistan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	's	's	PART	POS	_	35	case	_	_
37	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
39	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	conj	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	signing	signing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obj	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	Treaty	Treaty	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	nmod	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	Friendship	Friendship	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	_
47	in	in	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	1921	1921	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	39	obl	_	_
49	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
50	1978	1978	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	48	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	53	punct	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
53	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	61	punct	_	_
55	with	with	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	61	obl	_	_
57	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	59	det	_	_
58	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	compound	_	_
59	treaty	treaty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	61	nsubj	_	_
60	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	61	aux:pass	_	_
61	signed	sign	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	53	acl:relcl	_	_
62	in	in	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
63	1950	1950	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	61	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
64	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Afghanistan | strong relations |  |  |  | with Germany; the Soviet Union *obl*; India *obl*; historically *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent relation=Patient |
| 2 | **recognize** | to-infinitive | Afghanistan *not said here* | Afghanistan's independence |  | 1919 |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer independence=Stimulus |
| 3 | **provide** | past | the Soviet Union | much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces |  |  |  |  | vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition aid=Theme |
| 4 | **include** | present | the Soviet Union *not said here* | the signing of a Treaty of Friendship |  |  |  | in 1921 *goal* | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent signing=Theme in 1921=Goal |
| 5 | **sign** | past · passive |  | a friendship treaty |  | 1950 |  | with India | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: subject=Theme in 1950=Destination |
| 6 | **sign** |  |  | a Treaty of Friendship |  |  |  |  | nom signing «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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