---
title: Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to th… — Afghanistan · tree and pragmatics
description: Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa. Who acts: war conditions, country. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Afghanistan» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Afghanistan, sentence 496

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From Wikipedia, [«Afghanistan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.

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**Who acts:** war conditions, country · **What happens:** return, contribute, have · **To what, where:** Millions, country, highest fertility rate

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Afghanistan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (war conditions, country), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Afghanistan:496
# text = Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.
1	Millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	since	since	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	returned	return	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	contribute	contribute	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	17	amod	_	_
16	fertility	fertility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	rate	rate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
18	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | present · perfect · passive |  | Millions |  |  |  | since *property* | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **contribute** | present | the war conditions |  | the country |  |  |  | vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to country=Recipient |
| 3 | **have** | gerund | the country *not said here* | the highest fertility rate |  |  |  | outside Africa | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rate=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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