---
title: By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hin… — Afghanistan · tree and pragmatics
description: By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region, with the exception of Kafiristan. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Afghanistan» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Afghanistan, sentence 74

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From Wikipedia, [«Afghanistan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region, with the exception of Kafiristan.

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**What happens:** defeat, remain, islamiz, except · **To what, where:** Mahmud, wider region, Kafiristan

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Afghanistan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Afghanistan:74
# text = By the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively Islamized the wider region, with the exception of Kafiristan.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	11th	11th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	Mahmud	Mahmud	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Ghazni	Ghazni	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	defeated	defeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	amod	_	_
13	Hindu	hindu	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	rulers	ruler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	effectively	effectively	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	Islamized	islamiz	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	wider	wide	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	20	amod	_	_
20	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	exception	exception	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	parataxis	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	Kafiristan	Kafiristan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defeat** | past · perfect · passive |  | Mahmud of Ghazni |  |  | century | the remaining Hindu rulers *obj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **remain** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **islamiz** | participle |  | the wider region |  |  |  | the exception of Kafiristan *parataxis*; effectively *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **except** |  |  | Kafiristan |  |  |  |  | nom exception «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Afghanistan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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