--- title: Algeria — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 6 description: Wikipedia's «Algeria», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/page/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Algeria # Algeria · page 6 From Wikipedia, [«Algeria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/page/5/) **6** According to the [Arab Barometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Barometer) in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.[\[292\]](../../page/6/#ref-292 "note 292")[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") The June 2019 Arab Barometer-[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.[\[293\]](../../page/6/#ref-293 "note 293")[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.[\[294\]](../../page/6/#ref-294 "note 294")[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious.[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.[\[292\]](../../page/6/#ref-292 "note 292")[\[295\]](../../page/6/#ref-295 "note 295")[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria has given the [Muslim world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world) a number of prominent thinkers, including Emir Abdelkader, [Abdelhamid Ben Badis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis), [Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Kacem_Naît_Belkacem), [Malek Bennabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Bennabi) and [Mohamed Arkoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Arkoun).[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Health Main article: [Health in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Algeria) In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people).[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas.[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation".[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress towards its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015".[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals.[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation programme.[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause [tuberculosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis), [hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis), [measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles), [typhoid fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever), [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera) and [dysentery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery).[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.[\[296\]](../../page/6/#ref-296 "note 296")[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.[\[297\]](../../page/6/#ref-297 "note 297")[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Main article: [Education in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Algeria), [List of universities in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Algeria) Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.[\[298\]](../../page/6/#ref-298 "note 298")[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling.[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics") From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes.[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German.[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2008, new programmes at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.[\[299\]](../../page/6/#ref-299 "note 299")[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge.[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution.[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") The school offers two programmes: general or technical.[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.[\[300\]](../../page/6/#ref-300 "note 300")[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15.[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women.[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was [Algiers Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Province) at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was [Djelfa Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djelfa_Province) at 35.5%.[\[301\]](../../page/6/#ref-301 "note 301")[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008.[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") The [University of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Algiers), founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters).[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") Even if some of them offer instruction in Arabic like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English.[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the most important universities, there are the [University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_Houari_Boumediene), the [University of Mentouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mentouri) Constantine, and [University of Oran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oran) Es-Senia.[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") The [University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Abou_Bekr_Belkaïd) in Tlemcen and [University of Batna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Batna) Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.[\[302\]](../../page/6/#ref-302 "note 302")[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria was ranked 115th in the [Global Innovation Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) in 2024,[\[303\]](../../page/6/#ref-303 "note 303") and kept the same rank in the index of 2025.[\[304\]](../../page/6/#ref-304 "note 304")[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria) Modern Algerian literature, split between [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic), Tamazight and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") [Famous novelists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers) of the 20th century include [Mohammed Dib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Dib), [Albert Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus), [Kateb Yacine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_Yacine) and [Ahlam Mosteghanemi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi) while [Assia Djebar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia_Djebar) is widely translated.[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the important novelists of the 1980s were [Rachid Mimouni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni), later vice-president of [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International), and [Tahar Djaout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Djaout), murdered by an [Islamist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist) group in 1993 for his secularist views.[\[305\]](../../page/6/#ref-305 "note 305")[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") Malek Bennabi and [Frantz Fanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon) are noted for their thoughts on decolonisation; Augustine of Hippo was born in [Tagaste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaste) (modern-day [Souk Ahras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras)); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in [Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis) [corpus](../../../Tunis/ "in our corpus"), wrote the [Muqaddima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddima) while staying in Algeria.[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") The works of the [Sanusi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi) family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted.[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") The Latin author [Apuleius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius) was born in [Madaurus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaurus) (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") Contemporary [Algerian cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cinema) is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues.[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.[\[306\]](../../page/6/#ref-306 "note 306")[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Media of Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Algeria) ### Art Algerian painters, like Mohammed Racim and [Baya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya_%28artist%29), attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria.[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") In this line, [Mohamed Temam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Temam), [Abdelkhader Houamel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkhader_Houamel) have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life.[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") Other new artistic currents including the one of [M'hamed Issiakhem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem), [Mohammed Khadda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda) and [Bachir Yelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Yelles), appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") Mohammed Khadda[\[307\]](../../page/6/#ref-307 "note 307") and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.[\[307\]](../../page/6/#ref-307 "note 307")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Algerian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_literature), [List of Algerian writers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers) The roots of Algerian literature go back to the Numidian and [Roman African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%28Roman_province%29) era, when Apuleius wrote [The Golden Ass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Ass), the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety.[\[308\]](../../page/6/#ref-308 "note 308")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") This period also saw Augustine of Hippo, [Nonius Marcellus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus) and [Martianus Capella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martianus_Capella).[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") The Middle Ages also saw several Arabic writers who contributed to Arab literature, with authors like [Ahmad al-Buni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni), [Ibn Manzur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Manzur) and Ibn Khaldun, who wrote the [Muqaddimah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah) while staying in Algeria.[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") Albert Camus was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1957, he was awarded the [Nobel Prize in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature).[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") Algerian literature contains works whose main concern is the assertion of Algerian national entity.[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") Examples include novels such as the Algerian trilogy by Mohammed Dib, and Nedjma by Kateb Yacine.[\[309\]](../../page/6/#ref-309 "note 309")[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") Other writers in Algerian literature include [Mouloud Feraoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Feraoun), Malek Bennabi, [Malek Haddad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Haddad), [Moufdi Zakaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufdi_Zakaria), Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, [Mouloud Mammeri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Mammeri), Frantz Fanon, and Assia Djebar.[\[310\]](../../page/6/#ref-310 "note 310")[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") In the aftermath of Independence, new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they attempted to expose social problems, among them there are [Rachid Boudjedra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Boudjedra), Rachid Mimouni, [Leila Sebbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Sebbar), Tahar Djaout and [Tahar Ouettar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Ouettar).[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") Algerian literature includes shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s.[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Other styles have an individualistic conception of the human condition.[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") Among noted more recent work is The Swallows of Kabul and The Attack by [Yasmina Khadra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmina_Khadra), The Oath of Barbarians by [Boualem Sansal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boualem_Sansal), Memory of the Flesh by Ahlam Mosteghanemi and the last novel of Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House.[\[311\]](../../page/6/#ref-311 "note 311")[\[312\]](../../page/6/#ref-312 "note 312")[\[313\]](../../page/6/#ref-313 "note 313")[\[314\]](../../page/6/#ref-314 "note 314")[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema Main article: [Cinema of Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria) The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production.[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films).[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") [Days of Glory (2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Glory_%282006_film%29) and [Outside the Law (2010)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_the_Law_%282010_film%29) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.[\[315\]](../../page/6/#ref-315 "note 315")[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria won the [Palme d'Or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or) for [Chronicle of the Years of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Years_of_Fire) (1975), two Oscars for [Z (1969)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_%281969_film%29), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie [The Battle of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers).[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Algerian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cuisine) Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries.[\[316\]](../../page/6/#ref-316 "note 316")[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") It is based on both land and sea products.[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the different peoples and cultures.[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") The Algerian cuisine is a mix of [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cuisine), [Berber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_cuisine), [Turkish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine) and [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine) roots.[\[317\]](../../page/6/#ref-317 "note 317")[\[316\]](../../page/6/#ref-316 "note 316")[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and [cereals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal) remain at its core.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of the Algerian dishes are centred around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs.[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") Vegetables are often used for salads, soups, [tajines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajine), and sauce-based dishes.[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is [couscous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_couscous), recognised as a national dish.[\[318\]](../../page/6/#ref-318 "note 318")[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria) Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity.[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [Aures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurès_Mountains), people played several games such as El Kherba or El Khergueba ([chess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess) variant).[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") Playing cards, [checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers) and chess games are part of Algerian culture.[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") Racing ([fantasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_%28culture%29)) and [rifle shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_shooting) are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.[\[319\]](../../page/6/#ref-319 "note 319")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Algeria) is the most popular sport in the country.[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") The Algerian national football team, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.[\[320\]](../../page/6/#ref-320 "note 320")[\[321\]](../../page/6/#ref-321 "note 321")[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria has a long history in other sports such as [athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_in_Algeria), [boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_in_Algeria), [volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_in_Algeria), [handball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_in_Algeria) and the study of [martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_in_Algeria).[\[322\]](../../page/6/#ref-322 "note 322")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Algerian athletes have [competed in the Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics) and have won medals in various events.[\[323\]](../../page/6/#ref-323 "note 323")[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") Many sports clubs and organisations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people.[\[324\]](../../page/6/#ref-324 "note 324")[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Ministry of Youth and Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports) in Algeria manages sport-related activities.[\[325\]](../../page/6/#ref-325 "note 325")[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria) [List of rivers of Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria) [Algerian Space Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency) [1213 Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1213_Algeria), [asteroid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid) ## General bibliography - Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present.[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") London: [Hurst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Hurst_&_Co).[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") - Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004).[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects.[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge).[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988).[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press).[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3.[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") - Christelow, Allan (1985) Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria.[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") Princeton University Press.[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Fanon, Frantz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon) (1966; 2005 paperback).[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") The Wretched of the Earth.[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") [Grove Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Press).[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") ASIN B0007FW4AW, ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3.[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gibson, Walcot; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur.[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Horne, Alistair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Horne) (1977).[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") [Viking Adult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Adult).[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1, ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6 (2006 reprint)[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") - Laouisset, Djamel (2009).[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry.[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") New York City: [Nova Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Publishers).[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2.[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") - Roberts, Hugh (2003).[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002.[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") Studies in a Broken Polity.[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") London: [Verso Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books).[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1.[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ruedy, John (1992).[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation.[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") Bloomington: [Indiana University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press).[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9.[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") - Stora, Benjamin (2001).[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History.[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") Ithaca, New York: [Cornell University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press).[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") - Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") Farnham: [Ashgate Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing).[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 0-7546-7418-5.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links [Key Development Forecasts for Algeria](https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ) from [International Futures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) ### Government - [Public Services](https://bawabatic.dz/) – gateway to government sites[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") - [El Mouradia Palace](https://www.el-mouradia.dz/) – official website of the president of Algeria[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Statistics](https://www.ons.dz) – official website of National Office of Statistics[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") ### History - ["History"](https://www.mfa.gov.dz/en/discover-algeria/history-of-algeria) – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Tourism - [Visit Algeria](http://visitalgeria.dz/en/) – Algeria's official tourism portal[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/page/5/) **6** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11](http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm)". El-mouradia.dz. 2\. "[Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11](http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm)". Apn-dz.org. 28 November 1996. 3\. Queffélec, A., Derradji, Y., Debov, V., Smaali-Dekdouk, D. et Cherrad-Benchefra, Y. (2002). Chapitre 2. Les langues et les groupes linguistiques en présence. [Le français en Algérie : Lexique et dynamique des langues](https://shs.cairn.info/le-francais-en-algerie--9782801112946-page-31?lang=fr) (p. 31-39). \[Chapter 2. Languages and linguistic groups present. French in Algeria: Lexis and language dynamics (pp. 31–39).\] De Boeck Supérieur. 4\. See [French language in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_Algeria). 5\. See [English language in Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Algeria). 6\. (no text) 7\. "[Démographie: Plus de 47 millions d'Algériens d'ici 2025](https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025)". 16 July 2024. 8\. Aït Saâda, Farid. "[L'espérance de vie moyenne des Algériens est de 79,6 ans: Une qualité de vie nettement meilleure](https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929)". *[El Moudjahid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Moudjahid)*. 9\. "[World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO%289.0.0%29)". *www.imf.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026. 10\. "[Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html)". *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). 11\. "[GINI index (World Bank estimate)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ)". World Bank. 12\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 13\. /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ *al-JEER-ee-ə*; *الجزائر*, æl.d͡ʒæzæːʔɪr; (ɪ)ˈd͡ːzæːjɪr; *Dzayer, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ, لزاير*; *Algérie*, alʒeʁi 14\. *الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية*; *Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant*; ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ; ثاڨدودا ثازايريث ثاماڨدايث ثاغيرفانث; *République algérienne démocratique et populaire*, ʁe.py.blik al.ʒe.ʁjɛn de.mɔ.kʁa.tik e pɔ.py.lɛʁ; Formerly also rendered as the **Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria** in English, as seen on the [1981 Algiers Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Accords_%281981%29). 15\. [Proclamación de la República argelina](http://www.joradp.dz/JO6283/1962/901/FP5.pdf) , Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st year, 1st issue, 1962, páge 5. 16\. Aps-dz. "[ⵜⵉⵔⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ: ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ](https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tif/algerie/12079-2022-02-23-17-05-33)". *Algeria Press Service*. 17\. "[Ministère de l'Énergie \| Algérie](https://www.energy.gov.dz/)". *www.energy.gov.dz*. 18\. "[Aseɣnew n GPRA ila iswi n useddukkel n Tegrawla akked usegrew n umɣiwan aɣelnaw](https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tal/algerie/71962-ase-new-n-gpra-ila-iswi-n-usddukkel-n-tegrawla-akked-usegrew-n-um-iwan-a-elnaw)". *Algeria Press Service*. 19\. "[La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée: Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?](https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020)". *El Watan*. 22 April 2020. 20\. The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not [codified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification_%28linguistics%29).\[19\] 21\. LLC, Forbidden Fruits (30 January 2013). "[iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD](https://books.google.com/books?id=JA7tcmEx5lsC&q=origin+of+the+word+algeria+island&pg=PT14)". Forbidden Fruit Books LLC. 22\. Pierre 2025, p. 105–106. 23\. Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15). "[Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité](https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ)". Editions Bouchène. 24\. Naylor 2015b, p. 11. 25\. Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). "[Algeria, a Country Study](https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&dq=Algeria+name+ottoman&pg=PA3)". \[Department of Defense\], Department of the Army. 26\. Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). "[Area Handbook for Algeria](https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdn0p4kDs6cC)". U.S. Government Printing Office. 27\. Sahnouni (14 December 2018). "[1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008)". *Science*. 28\. Sahnouni, Mohamed; de Heinzelin, Jean. "[The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria](http://www.gi.ulpgc.es/tarha/Ain_Hanech.pdf)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 29\. "[Research at Ain Hanech, Algeria](http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/ain-hanech.html)". Stoneageinstitute.org. 30\. Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. Brooks (2004). "[Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C&pg=PA32)". Routledge. 31\. Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres (12 January 2012). "Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations". *PLOS Genetics*. 32\. Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). "[The Berbers](https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC)". [Wiley-Blackwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell). 33\. Naylor 2015a, p. 25. 34\. Naylor 2015a, p. 26. 35\. Ruedy, John (2005). "[Modern Algeria, Second Edition: The Origins and Development of a Nation](https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA103)". Indiana University Press. 36\. Pierre, Michel (2025). "[Histoire de l'Algérie: Des origines à nos jours](https://books.google.com/books?id=FvBCEQAAQBAJ)" \[History of Algeria: From its origins to the present day\]. Tallandier. 37\. Naylor, Phillip (2015a). "[North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present](https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ)". University of Texas Press. 38\. Ruedy 2005, p. 11. 39\. Naylor 2015a, p. 41. 40\. Pierre 2025, p. 57. 41\. Pierre 2025, p. 87. 42\. Naylor 2015a, p. 42, 44. 43\. Naylor 2015a, p. 45. 44\. Pierre 2025, p. 88. 45\. Pierre 2025, p. 84. 46\. Naylor 2015a, p. 75. 47\. Pierre 2025, p. 75. 48\. Pierre 2025, p. 85–86. 49\. Kennedy, Hugh (2010-12-09). "[The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In](https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139)". Orion. 50\. Publishing, Britannica Educational (2010-10-01). "[The History of Northern Africa](https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40)". Britannica Educational Publishing. 51\. Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). "[A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period](https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC)". Cambridge University Press. 52\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 28. 53\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 29. 54\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 30. 55\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 31. 56\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 32. 57\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 71. 58\. Caratini, Roger (1992). "[Le génie de l'islamisme](https://books.google.com/books?id=GTQWAAAAIAAJ&q=Lyon+and+Autun+berbers)". Editions M. Lafon. 59\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 35. 60\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 33–34. 61\. Pierre 2025, p. 99. 62\. Naylor 2015b, p. 449. 63\. Pierre 2025, p. 102. 64\. Ruedy 2005, p. 13. 65\. Pierre 2025, p. 103–104. 66\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 62. 67\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 65. 68\. Naylor 2015a, p. 73. 69\. "[Fatimid Dynasty (Islamic dynasty)](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202580/Fatimid-Dynasty/2238/Conquest-of-Egypt)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 70\. Naylor 2015a, p. 84. 71\. Abun-Nasr 1987, p. 66–67. 72\. Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (23 October 2013). "[A History of Africa](https://books.google.com/books?id=mXa4AQAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PA166)". Routledge. 73\. Naylor 2015b, p. 537. 74\. Naylor 2015b, p. 288. 75\. Pierre 2025, p. 107, 109. 76\. Naylor 2015a, p. 89–90. 77\. Naylor 2015a, p. 90. 78\. Naylor 2015a, p. 91–92. 79\. Naylor 2015a, p. 93. 80\. Pierre 2025, p. 115. 81\. Robinson, Neal (1999). "[Islam, a Concise Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=TtolAQAAMAAJ&q=1147+almohad)". Georgetown University Press. 82\. Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in *Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places* (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36–39. 83\. Pierre 2025, p. 118. 84\. Pierre 2025, p. 119. 85\. Buresi, Pascal; Ghouirgate, Mehdi (2013). "[Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: XIe-XVe siècle](https://books.google.com/books?id=HRXNAQAAQBAJ&q=nouvelle+publications+sur+le+maghreb+domaine+histoire&pg=+histoire)" \[History of the medieval Maghreb: 11th-15th centuries\]. Armand Colin. 86\. Naylor 2015b, p. 534. 87\. Naylor 2015a, p. 98. 88\. Buresi, Ghouirgate , p. 128. 89\. Buresi, Ghouirgate , p. 136–137. 90\. Buresi, Ghouirgate , p. 137. 91\. Ruedy 2005, p. 16. 92\. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1". ABC-CLIO. 93\. Merouche 2007, p. 139, 186. 94\. Naylor 2015b, p. 439. 95\. Merouche 2007, p. 123. 96\. Robert Davis (2003). "[Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800](https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392)". Palgrave Macmillan. 97\. McDougall 2017, p. 32–34. 98\. Naylor 2015b, p. 12. 99\. McDougall 2017, p. 45. 100\. Naylor 2015b, p. 440. 101\. Naylor 2015a, p. 119–120. 102\. Saadallah, Abou el-Kacem (2007). "[أبحاث وآراء في تاريخ الجزائر](http://archive.org/details/dzair12)" \[Research and opinions on the history of Algeria\]. Dar Al-Basair Publishing and Distribution. 103\. Saadallah 2007, p. 247. 104\. Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Anne K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). "[The Cambridge History of Islam](http://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B)". Cambridge University Press. 105\. Saadallah 2007, p. 246–247. 106\. Nyrop 1972, p. 15. 107\. Ruedy 2005, p. 19. 108\. Ruedy 2005, p. 40. 109\. Naylor 2015a, p. 140–141. 110\. Ruedy 2005, p. 46. 111\. Ruedy 2005, p. 49–50. 112\. "[Algeria – Colonial rule](https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Colonial-rule)". *Britannica*. 113\. Ruedy 2005, p. 55. 114\. Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006). "[Historical dictionary of Algeria](http://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000nayl)". Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. 115\. Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2011-05-01). "[The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States](https://books.google.com/books?id=xVpxZSTyhb0C&dq=Algerian+ottoman+republic&pg=PA34)". University of Texas Press. 116\. Coller, Ian (2020-03-20). "[Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution](https://books.google.com/books?id=5A3UDwAAQBAJ&dq=Algerian+ottoman+republic&pg=PA127)". Yale University Press. 117\. Naylor 2015b, p. 13. 118\. Naylor 2015a, p. 154. 119\. Naylor 2015b, p. 14. 120\. Kharchi, Djamal (2004). "Colonisation et politique d'assimilation en Algérie 1830 - 1962". Casbah Éd. 121\. Horne, Alistair (2006). "A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics)". NYRB Classics. 122\. Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). "[The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies](https://books.google.com/books?id=bEcTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA356)". [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). 123\. Jalata, Asafa (2016). "[Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden](https://books.google.com/books?id=SCjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92)". Palgrave Macmillan US. 124\. Kiernan, Ben (2007). "[Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur](https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326)". [Yale University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press). 125\. Kiernan, Ben (2007). "[Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur](https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326)". Yale University Press. 126\. Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). "[The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987](https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA42)". Cambridge University Press. 127\. "Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... – [Michael Greenhalgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Greenhalgh), p366. [link](https://books.google.com/books?id=5pCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366). . 128\. Ruedy 2005, p. 74. 129\. Naylor 2015a, p. 183. 130\. Ruedy 2005, p. 71. 131\. McDougall 2017, p. 89. 132\. "[Le rêve arabe de Napoléon III](https://www.lhistoire.fr/le-r%C3%AAve-arabe-de-napol%C3%A9on-iii-0)". *lhistoire.fr*. 133\. Baten, Jörg (2016). "A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.". Cambridge University Press. 134\. Hourani, Albert Habib; Hourani, Albert (2002). "[A History of the Arab Peoples](https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323)". Harvard University Press. 135\. McDougall, James (2017). "[A History of Algeria](https://books.google.com/books?id=3-CBDgAAQBAJ)". Cambridge University Press. 136\. Ruedy 2005, p. 112. 137\. Ruedy 2005, p. 131. 138\. Naylor 2015b, p. 17. 139\. United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947). "[The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion](https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5)". Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. 140\. Ruedy 2005, p. 145. 141\. Ruedy 2005, p. 147–148. 142\. Ruedy 2005, p. 149–150. 143\. McDougall 2017, p. 181–182. 144\. Naylor 2015a, p. 187. 145\. Bouamrane, Chikh; Jayjalī, Muḥammad (2009). "[L'Algérie coloniale par les textes (1830-1962)](https://books.google.com/books?id=agVAAQAAIAAJ&q=restoration+FLN+1830)". Editions ANEP. 146\. Bedjaoui (juriste).), Mohammed (1961). "[La révolution algérienne et le droit](https://books.google.com/books?id=olAIAQAAIAAJ&q=restauration+FLN+1830)". Éditions de l'Association internationale des juristes démocrates. 147\. McDougall 2017, p. 197. 148\. McDougall 2017, p. 200. 149\. McDougall 2017, p. 205. 150\. McDougall 2017, p. 201–202. 151\. Kevin Shillington (2013). "[Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set](https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA60)". Routledge. 152\. Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010). "[The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend](https://books.google.com/books?id=8ztnVsIiefwC&pg=PA179)". Peter Lang. 153\. McDougall 2017, p. 214. 154\. McDougall 2017, p. 224. 155\. McDougall 2017, p. 208–210. 156\. McDougall 2017, p. 222–223. 157\. Ruedy 2005, p. 174. 158\. Naylor 2015a, p. 189. 159\. Ruedy 2005, p. 175. 160\. Ruedy 2005, p. 185. 161\. Ruedy 2005, p. 192. 162\. Horne, Alistair (1978). "[A Savage War of Peace](https://archive.org/details/savagewarofpeace00horn/page/538)". Viking Press. 163\. Windrow, Martin (15 November 1997). "The Algerian War 1954–62". Bloomsbury USA. 164\. Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006). "[Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa](https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160)". Indiana University Press. 165\. McDougall 2017, p. 231. 166\. "[French 'Reparation' for Algerians](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7130307.stm)". *BBC News*. 6 December 2007. 167\. Ruedy 2005, p. 189–190. 168\. Naylor 2015a, p. 190–191. 169\. Naylor 2015b, p. 24. 170\. Evans, Martin (February 2024). "[Sand War: The Cold War in North Africa](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/sand-war-cold-war-north-africa)". *History Today*. 171\. "[Country Profile: Algeria](http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all)". 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() p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 20081)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'[Office national des statistiques d'Algérie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_des_statistiques_d%27Algérie)." 282\. Edwards, Natalie (2013). "The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual". Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 283\. "[La Langue Française Dans le Monde 2019–2022](https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Rapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf)". Éditions Gallimard. 284\. Maraf, Baya; Osam, Ulker Vanci (2023). "The booming wave of English in the linguistic landscape in Algeria: Timeline of the presence of English language in Algerian bottom-up signs". *English Today*. 285\. 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"[Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey](https://fanack.com/religions-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/young-arabs-are-changing-their-beliefs-and-perceptions/)". *Fanack*. 31 December 2019. 295\. Bheria (2022-02-17). "[Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It?](https://muslimskeptic.com/2022/02/17/arabs-are-getting-more-religious-why-isnt-western-media-reporting-it/)". *The Muslim Skeptic*. 296\. "[Library of Congress Country Studies – Algeria](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Algeria.pdf)". 297\. Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009). "[International Vital Records Handbook](https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347)". Genealogical Publishing Com. 298\. "[Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie réduit à 7,94% en 2021](https://www.aps.dz/societe/127134-le-taux-d-analphabetisme-en-algerie-reduit-a-7-94-en-2021)". *Algérie presse service*. 8 September 2021. 299\. 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Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) [ALGÉRIE](http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf) . European Audiovisual Observatory 316\. "[Culture, Traditions, Cuisine](https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Cultural-life)". *Encyclopedia Britannica*. 12 August 1998. 317\. "[The Cuisine of Algeria](https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-cuisine-of-algeria.html)". *WorldAtlas*. 2019-06-13. 318\. "[Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269](https://ebin.pub/food-cultures-of-the-world-encyclopedia-4-volumes-0313376263-9780313376269.html)". *ebin.pub*. 10 June 2005. 319\. "[Algeria :: Sports and recreation](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15001/Algeria/220546/Sports-and-recreation)". *Britannica Online Encyclopedia*. 320\. Amara, Mahfoud; Bouandel, Youcef (2022-10-03). "Algeria and the FIFA World Cup: between political legitimization and regional rivalry". *Soccer & Society*. 321\. "Algeria". Liverpool University Press. 2017-12-01. 322\. "[Recreations and Leisure](https://algeriansareawesome.weebly.com/recreations-and-leisure.html)". *Algeria*. 323\. "[Global Sports Industry Data](https://www.verlete.com/country/algeria/)". *Verlete Sports*. 12 February 2020. 324\. "[List Of Sports clubs in Algeria](https://rentechdigital.com/smartscraper/business-report-details/algeria/sports-clubs)". *SmartScraper*. 15 March 2024. 325\. "[Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Algeria) (Ministry of Youth and Sports)](https://www.devex.com/organizations/ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-algeria-ministry-of-youth-and-sports-128824)". *Devex*. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/page/5/) **6** - ← previous: [page 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Algeria/page/5/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)