---
title: The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relativ… — Antananarivo · tree and pragmatics
description: The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relative to its expenses caused by the high cost of retaining a large number of CUA personnel, weak structures for managing revenues from public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues from city residents and businesses. Who acts: 
---

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# Antananarivo, sentence 255

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From Wikipedia, [«Antananarivo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relative to its expenses caused by the high cost of retaining a large number of CUA personnel, weak structures for managing revenues from public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues from city residents and businesses.

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**Who acts:** CUA, high cost, weak structures · **What happens:** continue, challenge, relative, cause, retain, manage · **To what, where:** expenses, large number, revenues, public rents

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Antananarivo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (CUA, high cost, weak structures), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Antananarivo:255
# text = The CUA continues to be challenged by a shortage of revenues relative to its expenses caused by the high cost of retaining a large number of CUA personnel, weak structures for managing revenues from public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues from city residents and businesses.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	CUA	CUA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	continues	continue	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	challenged	challenge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	xcomp	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	shortage	shortage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	revenues	revenue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	relative	relative	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	expenses	expense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
21	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
22	retaining	retain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	acl	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	CUA	CUA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	personnel	personnel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	structures	structure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
32	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
33	managing	manage	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	31	acl	_	_
34	revenues	revenue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obj	_	_
35	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	rents	rent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obl	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
39	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	collection	collection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	conj	_	_
41	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	tax	tax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	compound	_	_
43	revenues	revenue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	40	nmod	_	_
44	from	from	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	compound	_	_
46	residents	resident	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obl	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
48	businesses	business	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **continue** | present | the CUA |  |  |  |  |  | vn continue-55.3 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **challenge** | to-infinitive · passive | the CUA *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **relative** | present |  |  |  |  |  | by a shortage of revenues; to corruption's expenses and weak structures | tree rules |
| 4 | **cause** | participle |  | corruption's expenses and weak structures *not said here* |  |  |  | by the high cost | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 5 | **retain** | gerund | the high cost *not said here* | a large number of CUA personnel |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **manage** | gerund | weak structures *not said here* | revenues |  | public rents and inadequate collection of tax revenues |  | from city residents and businesses | vn caring-75.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent revenue=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Antananarivo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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